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luataor €oronatorum
being the TRANSACTIONS of the
QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE NO. 2076, LONDON.
-ii
FROM THE ISABELLA MISSAL
BRITISH MUSEUM, ADD. MSS. 18.851 CIRCA. 1500 A.D.
EDITED FOR THE COMMITTEE BY W. II. RYLANDS, P.A.G.D.C, SEC.
VOLUME XIV.
H. Keble, Peintkk, Margate. 1901.
T^
vs_l^^
THE LIBRARY
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITi
PROVO, UTAH
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
♦►• «<♦
BIOGRAPHIC NOTICES. pAGE
Besant, Sir Walter ... ... ... ... 105
Greiner, Gotthelf ... ... ... ... 202
Kupferschmidt, Csesar ... ... ... ... 211
Sayer, Antony ... ... ... ... 181
Speth, George William ... ... ... ... 97
CHRONICLE.
Africa, South ... ... ... ... 95, 96, 219
Australia, South ... ... ... ... 144
Australia, Western ... ... ... ... 150
Canada ... ... ... ... ... 152
England ... ... ... ... ... 95, 150, 218
Germany ... ... ... ... ... 94
Ireland ... ... ... ... ... 95, 219
Norway ... ... ... ... ... 95
Saxony ... ... ... ... ... 94
Scotland ... ... ... ... ... 219
Switzerland ... ... ... ... ... 94
United States of America ... ... ... 94, 220
LODGE PROCEEDINGS.
Friday, 4th January ... ... ... ... 1
Friday, 1st March ... ... ... ... 59
Friday, 3rd May ... ... ... ... 97
Monday, 24th June, St. John's Day in Harvest ... ... 105
Friday, 4th October ... ... ... ... 172
Friday, 8th November, Installation ... ... ... 196
NOTES AND QUERIES.
Alnwick Lodge ... ... ... ... 136
Apron, An old Masonic ... ... ... ... 137
Born, Ignatius von ... ... ... ... 58
Breastplate, Masonic ... ... ... ... 137
Breastplate, Masters ... ... ... ... 54
Chivalric Orders, The ... ... ... ... 56
Drummond — Earls of Perth ... ... ... 138
French Prisoners' Lodges ... ... ... ... 58
Jewel, Silver Masonic ... ... ... ... 137
Knights of Malta ... ... ... ... 54
Lee, Bro. Jesse, of Manchester ... ... ... 139
Man with a Greek Name ... ... ... ... 216
Meason-word, The ... ... ... ... 56
Miracle Play, The ... ... ... ... 138
Naymus Grecus ... ... ... ... 216
Plate, Old Masonic ... ... ... ... 136
Pottery, Masonic ... ... ... ... 139
Sackville and Martin Folkes ... ... ... 56
Templar Crosses ... ... ... ... 54
Wheeler's Lodge ... ... ... ... 140
IV.
OBITUARY.
Table of Contents.
Baker, Edwin
Block, Cecil Macartney
Boileau, Sir Francis G. M., Bart.
Boyce, Walter James
Chataway, The Hon. James Vincent
Cowper, William Henry
Frias, Guillermo Rafael
Haslip, Lewis Christopher ...
Hooker, Richard
Jackson, W. Grierson
James, John
Janson, Lamens
Kenning, George
Kraszinski, Henry Mark
Kupferschmidt, Csesar
Maclaren, Duncan Mark
MacNair, Thomas
Martyn, Rev. Charles J.
Mason, Rev. Henry J.
Massey, Stanley Franklin
Moore, Charles John
Parvin, Theodore Sutton
Penfold, Abel
Powell, Charles Champney ...
Reed, Commander George Henry Baynes
Schreiner, Frederick Samuel
Schwerin, Herman H.
Scott, Thomas
Singleton, William R.
Sheer, Walter
Strasser, Solomon
Sumner, William Thomas
Sutherland, Henry
Travers-Drapes, G. F.
Ward, Horatio
Waring, Walter, M.D.
Weber, Louis Robert
West, George
Wise, Capt. Charles Driver ...
PAPERS AND ESSAYS.
The Alnwick Lodge Minutes. By W. H. Rylands, F.S.A.
Publication of the Manuscript, 4 ; Errors in Transcription, 5; Rules of a Purely Operative Character, 6 ; Marks used, 7; Minute of December, 1748, Erection of a Speculative Lodge, 8 ; List of Members, etc., 10 ; List of Officers, 13; Discussion, Visiting Brethren as Founders, 14 ; The term " To erect a Lodge," 15 ; Fees for Admission, 18; Reply.
The 47th Proposition of the 1st Book of Euclid, as part of the Jewel of a Past Master. By Thomas Greene, L.L.D. Jewels of Past Masters in Scotland, Ireland and England, 27 ; Importance of the Square, 28; Pax Triplex, 29; Discussion, Chinese Symbolism of the Square and Compasses, 30 ; Allusions in Shakespeare, 31 ; Addendum by W. H. Rylands, 33; Egytian Symbolism, 35 ; The Master's Badge, 36; The 47th Proposition not in use as a Past Master's Jewel before about 1800; 40.
PAGE
142
93
92
92
142
141
92
142
142
142
143
212
212
213
211
142
143
92
143
93
111
142
93
142
141
141
142
143
141
141
141
141
213
92
212
92
141
212
212
27
Table of Contents. v.
PAGE
Military Masonry. By R. P. Gould. ... ... ... 42
Robert Guillemard, 42; Colonel Oudet, 43; Lea Amis cm Captivity, 45;
Civil War Roster in the United States, 47; Roster in tlie War of the Revolution, 47.
An Interesting Masonic Sword. By W. II. Rylands, F.S.A. ... 49
A Curious Certificate. By F. J. W. Crowe. ... ... 51
The Miracle Play. By E. Conder, Jun., F.S.A. ... ... W
Introduction of the Miracle Play into England, 01 ; The Craft Gildsand the Miracle Play, 62; The MSS. Extant, 63; The York Plays, 63; The Chester MS. Plays, 66; The Coventry Mysteries, 68; The Townley MS. Plays, 69; The Digby MS. Plays, 70; The Cornish MSS., 70 ; The New- castle MS. and Plays, 71; Other MS. texts of Plays, 72; Moralities and Interludes, 73 ; The Plays and the Players, 74; Conclusion, 79; Discussion, 80.
The "Settegast" Grand Lodge of Germany. By G. W. Speth. ... 83
In Memoriam : G. W. Speth. ... ... ... 97
,, : Sir Walter Besant. ... ... ... 105
Naymus Grecus. By G. W. Speth. ... ... ... 108
Theories as to Name, 109 ; Manuscripts ascribed to Marcus Graecus, 110; Who was Marcus Graecus? 112; Possible connection between Naymus Greens and Marcus Graecus, 113.
MarCUS Graecus Eversus. By W. J. Chetwode Crawley, LL.D. ... 114
Works of Marcus Graecus, 115; Roger Bacon and Marcus Graecus, 117; Development of Myth of Marcus Graecus, 119; Lack of Proof of Identity of Naymus Grecus with Marcus Graecus, 124 ; Recipe of Marcus Graecus bearing on Architecture, 125.
Leicestershire Masonry, part II. By E. Conder, Jun., F.S.A. ... 126
Records of the Borough of Leicester, 1327-1509, Various Gilds, 127; The " Othe of Thocoupacious,' 127 ; Mention of Masons, 128.
Remarks on the " Sloane Family" of the Old Charges of British Freemasons, including the John T. Thorp and John
Strachan MSS. By Dr. W. Begemann. ... ... 153
Some Masonic Antiquities at the Glasgow International
Exhibition Of 1901. By E. Conder, Jim. ... ... jgs
Knights of Malta. By Ladislas de Malczovich. ... ... 1(53
The "Testament of Solomon." — A Contribution to the
Legendary Lore of the Temple. By Rev. W. E. Windle. ... 172
Extracts from the Testament, 173; Employment of demons in building the Temple, 174; Visit of the Queen of Sheba, 175 ; Legends of the corner- stone and pillar, 176; The falling away of Solomon, 176.
Antony Sayer. By Albert F. Calvert. ... ... ... i^i
Inaugural Address. By Gotthelf Grciner. ... ... 197
Wheeler's Lodge. By W. J. Chetwode Crawley, LL.D. 205
VI.
REVIEWS.
Table of Contents.
History of the Howe Lodge, No. 587, A. D. Brooks Retrospect of the Burrell Lodge, No. 1829, A. J. Carpenter Antiquity of Chester Masonry, John Armstrong Records of the Dublin Gild of Merchants, 1438-1671,
H. F. Berry The little Red Book of Bristol, ed. by F. B. Bickley ... Historical Sketch of Lodge St. Andrew, No. 179, J. Smith History of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel),
D. Murray Lyon Philo-Musicse et Architectures Societas, 1725-7, ed.
by W. H. Rylands Transactions of the Lodge of Research, No. 2 9,
Leicester, 1900-1, ed. by J. T. Thorp Medals of British Freemasonry, G. L. Shackles
n n n i) • "
Cornwall Freemasonry, J. G. Osborn...
VARIOUS.
G. W. Speth G. W. Speth W. J. Hughan
G. W. Speth G. W. Speth G. W. Speth
R. F. Gould
W. J. Hughan
W. J. Hughan W. J. Hughan R. F. Gould W. H. Rylands
Audit Report
Meeting of the Lodge of St. Alban, Adelaide, and the late Bio. G. W. Speth
Toast, the W.M., Bro. Gotthelf Greiner
PAGE
87 87 87
89 90 91
131
133
135 190 194 213
2
144 201
INDEX.
■**-
Alnwick Lodge Minutes
Apprentice Degree in the Ancient Way
Apron, Old Masonic
Audit Report
Ayr Squaremau
Breastplate, Master's Bristol, Little Red Book of...
Certificate, A Curious Chivalric Orders ...
PACK
4 140 137
2 167
51, 137 90
51
56
Degrees, Various ... Dublin Gild of Merchants
" Erection " of a Lodge Exhibits ...
140 89
15
2, 59, 105, 172
47th Proposition as P.M.'s Jewel Freemasonry in Adelaide ...
,, Australia, Western
,, Bloemfontein
,, England ...
,, Germany ...
Hull ,, Ireland
,, Kimberley...
,, Montreal ...
,, Newcastle...
,, Norway
,, Omaha
„ Saxony
„ Scotland ...
,, Switzerland
,, U.S. of America
French Prisoners ...
Gormogon Satirical Medal .. Gypsies — Fabricators of Artillery
Hammermen Chair Harodim, Durham Court of...
95
27 144 150
95 95, 150, 218
94
95 219
96 152 165
95 220
94 219
94
94
58
192 216
165 57
73
137
54, 163
219, 220
152
Interludes
Jewel, Silver Masonic
Knights of Malta ...
Liverpool Mas. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Lodges in Montreal under Grand Lodge of England
Lodges, Chapters, etc., alluded tor- Alfred Lodge No. 340 ... 193 Alnwick Lodge ... ... 9, 136
Alpha Lodge ... ... 207
American Union Lodge ... 48
Les Amis en Captivite ... 42
Apollo University Lodge ... 193
Apple Tree Tavern ... ... 181
Atholl Grand Lodge ... ... 172
Berlin Grand Lodges ... 83
Bnrrell Lodge No. 1829 ... 87
Catongate Kilwinning No. 2 ... 9, 166
Cestrian Lodge ... ... 87
Country Stewards' Lodge ... 1!'.!
Crown (Tavern) ... ... 181
Devon Lodge No. 1138 ... L62
Druids' Lodge of Love and Liberality 213
Lodge
Lodges, Chapters, etc., referred to:-
Duudee Lodge No. 123 Ferdinaude Caroline, Hamburg 48th Foot Lodge No. 218 „ „ „ No. 982 Germania Lodge, Berlin Glasgow, St. John No. 3 bis ., Glasgow, St. Mungo No. 27 Goose and Gridiron ... Grand Lodge of Hamburg Grand Lodge of Scotland Grand Masters' Lodge, Dublin Grand Stewards' Lodge Hierarchal Lodge Howe Lodge No. 587 Humanftas Lodge, Berlin Humber Installed Masters Ionic and Prudence Lodge Ireland, Grand Lodge of Johannes in Orlagau, Neustadt Kaiser Frederick Grand Lodge Kilwinning Mother Lodge Kircaldy Lodge Lambton Lodge Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's
Chapel) ... 131
Lodge of Harmony, Mauritius Lodge of Prudence ... Lodge of Prudence and Peter... Lodge of Research No. 2429 Lodge of St. Alban, Adelaide ... Lodge of Temperance No. 169 Lodge of True Friendship Lodge of Unity No. 183 Lodge of Virtue No. 177 Lodge L'Immortalite de l'Ordre Marquess of Dalhousie No. 1159 Melrose, Ancient Lodge of Minden Lodge
Minorca, Prov. Grand Lodge of Mirror of Wisdom, Charlottenburg Moira Lodge No. 92 ... New Horn Lodge Old Horn Lodge Old King's Arms Old Lodge St. John's
Old Union Lodge
Old Westminsters' Lodge
One Tun Lodge
Operative Lodge of Falkirk
Pestalozzi Lodge, Berlin
Pilgrim Lodge No. 238
Prudence Lodge No. 1550
Quebec, Grand Lodge of
Queen's Arms
Queen's Head
Restoration Lodge
Rising Star, Kimberley
Roman Lodge
Royal Alfred Lodge...
Boyal Alpha Lodge ...
Royal Chester Lodge
Royal Cumberland Chapter ...
Royal Lodge
Royal Standard, Halifax
Royal York Grand Lodge, Berlin
Royal York of Friendship
Rummer and Grapes...
St. Andrew's Lodge No. 179 ...
PAGK
47
83
172, 215
215
85
167
167
181
83
167
193, 209
213
136
87
85
95
207
152
• 94
84,
131, 166, 193
39
193
L6
193 107 207 207 134 144 172 213
98 140 192 107 132 193 194
85 197 208 208 182 194 193 213 206 166
85 212 152 152 182 183 193
95
167
193
39, 208
87
193
39, 208
152
83 Li.-, 181
91
203
VU1.
Index.
PAGE
Lodges, Chapters, etc., referred to:—
St. Andrew's Lodge, Dumfries 167
St. George, Montreal ... 152
St. John No. 16, Falkirk ... 166
St. John's Lodge, Omaha ... 220
St. Lawrence, Montreal ... 152
St. Paul, Montreal ... ... 152
St. Peter's Lodge ... ... 207
Sanquhar Kilwinning No. 194... 54, 137
Settegast Grand Lodge ... 83
Shakespeare Lodge ... ... 50
Ship Lodge, St. Ives... .. 213
Union Lodge No. 95 ... ... 4 7
L' Union des Coeurs, Geneva ... 94
Victoria Lodge, Berlin ... 84
Washington Lodge ... ... 48
Well-disposed Lodge... ... 207
Western Australia, Grand Lodge 150
Zu den drei Schwertern, Dresden 94
Zum goldenen Apfel, Dresden 91
Making Masous at Sight ... ... 208
Marcus Graecus Eversus ... ... 114
Masonic Antiquities at Glasgow ... 165
,, Archasological Institute ... 107
Benefit Society of 17^9 ... 135
Chest ... ... ... 167
,, Halfpennies ... ... 192
Mallet ... ... ... 167
Punch Bowl ... ... 167
Snuff Box ... ... 167
Master's Mallet ... ... ... 166, 167
Meason Word ... ... ... 56
Medals, Folkes ... ... ... 56
Medal, Sackville ... ... ... 56
Medals of British Freemasonry ... 190
Military Masonry ... ... ... 42
Miracle Play ... ... ... 60,138
Moralities ... ... ... 73
|
Narbonue, Primitive Rite of |
45 |
|
Naymus Grecus |
... 108, 216 |
|
Nine Worthies Medal |
192 |
|
Palestine Pilgrim Text Society |
107 |
|
Persons alluded to : — |
|
|
Abercorn, Duke of |
219 |
|
Adams |
183 |
|
Alanus, Mazon |
128 |
|
Allen, W. ... |
10 |
|
Ambrosse, N. |
91 |
|
Amery, Col.... |
58 |
|
Amherst, Earl |
150 |
|
Ampthill, Lord |
218 |
|
Anderson, Rev. G. R. ... |
219 |
|
Anderson, J. |
... 6, 7, 10, 13 |
|
Anderson, J., of Swarland |
12 |
|
Anderson, R. |
7 |
|
Anderson, T. |
... 7, 10, 13 |
|
Anderson, W. |
7, 10 |
|
Andrewes, N. |
91 |
|
Andrews, I |
47 |
|
Archer, W. ... |
7 |
|
Armitage, E. |
196 |
|
Armstrong, J. |
12 |
|
Armstrong, J. |
87, 218 |
|
Arnway, J. .. |
60 |
|
Ashmole, E. |
88 |
|
Athey, T. ... |
10 |
|
Atkinson, R. |
7, 10 |
|
Austin |
183 |
|
Aykroyd |
139 |
|
Aytoun, Prof. W. E. ... |
166 |
|
Bacon, R. |
117 |
|
Bain, G. W... |
191 |
PAGE.
Persons alluded to: —
|
Baker, E. ... |
142 |
|
Baldwin, I. ... |
47 |
|
Baldwin, L |
47 |
|
Balmborough, W. |
7, 10 |
|
Banks, Sir J. T. |
219 |
|
Barberini, Prince |
54 |
|
Barlow, Dr. W- |
147 |
|
Barrett, J. L. |
150 |
|
Barron, E. J. |
205 |
|
Barry, Dr. ... |
192 |
|
Bartholomew of Ruspoli |
168 |
|
Bateman, Miss M. |
126 |
|
Belgrave-Ninnis, Dr.... |
150 |
|
Bell, J. |
18 |
|
Benedict XIV., Pope... |
56 |
|
Bent, J. |
139 |
|
Berry, H. F. |
89 |
|
Berthelot |
112, 122 |
|
Besant, Sir W. |
105 |
|
Best, J. |
6 |
|
Bickley, F. B. |
90 |
|
Biggs, H. S. |
135 |
|
Billson, F. W. |
135 |
|
Block, C M. |
93 |
|
Bobbin, Tim |
140 |
|
Bogle, J., sen. |
137 |
|
Boileau, Sir F. G. M. |
92 |
|
Born, I. von... |
58 |
|
Kowyer, Sir G. H. |
54, 169 |
|
Boyce, W. J. |
92 |
|
Boyd, W., Earl of Kilmarnock... |
166 |
|
Bradshaw, J. |
136 |
|
Braine, F. W. |
150 |
|
Brandt, R. ... |
211 |
|
Broadhead, W. H. ... |
54 |
|
Brooks, A. D. |
87 |
|
Brown, N. ... ... 5, 7, |
9, 10, 13 |
|
Brune, Marshal |
45 |
|
Buchanan, J. |
53 |
|
Burgess, J. W. |
150 |
|
Burne, J. ... |
12 |
|
Burnes, Dr |
193 |
|
Burnham, J. |
47 |
|
Burns, R. |
91, 167 |
|
Burton, R. ... |
65 |
|
Caboga-Cerva, Count |
169 |
|
Candida, C... |
169 |
|
Canon, S. |
91 |
|
Carenton, R. |
7, 10, 13 |
|
Carew, R. ... |
70 |
|
Carmichael, G. |
12 |
|
Carpenter, A. J. |
87 |
|
Carpenter, J. A. |
2 |
|
Castle, E. J. |
196 |
|
Castles, E. .. |
7 |
|
Castletown, Lord |
219 |
|
Ceschi, G. ... |
169 |
|
Chapman |
9 |
|
Charles Albert King of Sardinia |
49 |
|
Charles Edward, Prince |
166 |
|
Chataway, Hon. J. V. |
142 |
|
Chaucer, G.... |
76 |
|
Chew, J. |
139 |
|
Chrisp, C. ... |
18 |
|
Clanfield, S. |
192 |
|
Clay, R. K. ... |
219 |
|
Clement XII., Pope ... |
56 |
|
Clerke, S. H. |
193 |
|
Cockburn, A. |
172, 215 |
|
Cole, J. |
39 |
|
Collier, J. |
140 |
|
Collorcdo-Mausfeld, P. |
169 |
|
Columbine ... |
88 |
|
Colyer, T. ... |
91 |
Index.
IX.
PACK
|
Persons alluded to: — |
|
|
Condor, K.,jiin. |
196 |
|
Confucius ... |
30 |
|
Connaught, Duke of ... |
150 |
|
Cook, Capt. ... |
137 |
|
Coombs, R. ... |
215 |
|
Cooper, T. J. |
220 |
|
Coward, R |
6 |
|
Cowper, VV. H. |
141 |
|
Cox, B. W. ... |
34 |
|
Crawford, G. |
219 |
|
Crawley, Dr. J. Chetwodo 190, |
219, 220 |
|
Crossley, J. ... |
139 |
|
Crowe, F. J. W. |
191 |
|
Cuthbertson, I). |
10, 25 |
|
Dalrymple of Woodhead, J.D.G. |
219 |
|
D'Avennes, Prisse |
35 |
|
Davidson, T. |
7 |
|
Davidson, T. |
11, 23 |
|
De Cossou, Baron |
50 |
|
De Gorham, G. |
61, 80 |
|
De Guileville, G. |
29 |
|
Denholm, W. M. |
219 |
|
Depew, CM. |
47 |
|
Derlyng 11 |
128 |
|
Dermott, L |
209 |
|
Desaguliers, J. T. |
182 |
|
Dickson, Dr. G. |
133 |
|
Dixon, Lt. Col. G. W.... |
150 |
|
Down, Lord Bishop of |
219 |
|
Drummond, J. |
138 |
|
Dunckerley, T. ... 39, |
139, 214 |
|
Dn Theil |
119 |
|
Dymmok, J. |
91 |
|
Edward VIL, King ... |
150, 108 |
|
Elders, E. M. L. |
47 |
|
Elliott, Capt. J. |
182 |
|
Elliott, 11. .. |
10 |
|
Eugene, Archduke |
168 |
|
Eyguier |
45, 46 |
|
Fergus, A. ... |
219 |
|
Ferguson, J. |
53 |
|
Ffordy, C. ... |
10 |
|
Pitz-Stephen, W. |
61 |
|
Flavelle, H. E. |
219 |
|
Folkes, M. ... |
56 |
|
Forshaw, C. F. |
136 |
|
Francis Joseph, Emperor |
170 |
|
Francis de Khevenhiiller-Metsch |
169 |
|
Francis de Kollowrat-Krakowsky |
169 |
|
Frederich Leopold of Prussia, |
|
|
Prince ... |
1,59 |
|
Freeman, J. W. |
196 |
|
Frias, G. K. ... |
92 |
|
Fripp, J. D. ... |
105 |
|
Krisius, Kircb. F. |
211 |
|
Gammon, J |
7 |
|
Gardiner, H. |
11 |
|
Garrett, T. ... |
7 |
|
Geminiani ... |
134 |
|
George, H.R.H. Prince of Wales |
39 |
|
George, T. R. G. |
219 |
|
Gibson, Rfv. B. |
219 |
|
Cile-, H. A.... |
30 |
|
Giovanni de Tommasi |
169 |
|
Godfrey, A. W. |
219 |
|
Goethe. J. W. von |
42 |
|
Goldney, F. H. |
196 |
|
Gonino, Miss |
50 |
|
Goodman, J. F- |
21!) |
|
(ioul.i, R, F. |
152, 196 |
|
Gow, W. |
53 |
|
C radon, A. ... |
17 |
|
Graecns, Marcus |
114 |
|
Gray, J. |
2 |
Persons alluded to :—
Greatbach, R. V.
Grecus, Naymus
Creenlees ...
Greiner, G. ...
Griffiths, W. Jl.
Clipper, Dr. VV.
Guido de Thun and Hohcnstcin
Guillemard, R.
Haarburger, I. H.
Ilaarhoff, D. J.
Halsey, E. D.
Hamel, F. E.
Hamilton, A.
Hamilton, A.
Hannam, W.
Harden
Harrison, R.
Harrison, T.
Harrison, T.
Hart, Commodore, J. E.
Haslip, L. C.
Heckethorn, C. W. ...
Hemming', A.
Hemming, Rev. S.
Henderson, G.
Henderson, J.
Hiam, J.
Higden, Ralph
Higden, Ranulf
Higgenet, Randall
Hilarius
Hoefer, J. Ch. F.
Hogg, J.
Horye, T. ...
Holme, Randle
Hompesch, Grand Master
Hooker, R. ...
Hopkyns, S.
Horsfall, R.
Horsley, Rev. J. W. ...
Hovenden R.
Hozier, Hon. J.
Hudson, J. ...
Hudson, R. ...
Hudson, T. ...
Hughan, W.J.
Hughes, Admiral A. K.
Hume, Sir P.
Hunter, A. ...
Hutchinson, General
Hutchinson, Dr. T. B.
Hutson, T. ...
Jackson, VV. G.
James, J.
James, J.
Janson, L. ...
Jenkins, T. ..
John of Banbury
John de Hnpleskote ...
John de Thornham ...
John de Tvberton
John Swafham
Johnson
Jones, S.
Katz
Cennard, H.
Kenning, G.
Ker. /:• W. L.
Kipps, VV. ...
Knowles, J. J. W. ...
Kraszinski, 11. M.
Kupferschmidt, C.
Lake, Dr. K.
Lam ball, J.
PAGB
135
108
139
196, 218
219
150
170
42
95, 150
150
48
172
48
132
214
85
7, 10
7, 10
12
47
142
43
105
105
9
10
10
63, 81
88
81
73
120
166
6, 7, 10, 13
88
168
142
91
139
196
97, 105
219
11
7, 10
11
152, 213
47
132
10
119
80
6
142
143
7, 10, 13
212
134
127
128
12S
128
129
183
2
85
220
192, 212
132
150
135
213
196, 211
2, 106
182
Index.
Persons alluded to : —
I'AGE
|
Lancaster, G. F. |
150 |
|
Lane, J. |
2 |
|
Lardner, H. J. |
150 |
|
Laycock, J. |
57 |
|
Le Couteulx de Canteleu, Comte |
43 |
|
Lee, J. |
215 |
|
Lee, Jesse ... ... 57 |
, 137, 139 |
|
Leon, M. |
52 |
|
Le Strange, Hamon ... |
196 |
|
Lewis, Prof. H. |
79 |
|
Lindsey, G. |
10, 25 |
|
Lobingier, C. S. |
220 |
|
Lowry, J. M. |
219 |
|
Luck, H. C. |
150 |
|
Lynch, D. ... |
139 |
|
Lyon, D. M. |
51, 131 |
|
McArdell, J. |
134 |
|
McDougal, J. |
139 |
|
McGeen, W. |
219 |
|
Mackell, T. |
11, 13 |
|
Mackey, A. G. |
37 |
|
Ma' kie, A. ... |
56 |
|
McKinley, President |
218 |
|
McKinstry, Col. J. ... |
48 |
|
Maclaren, D. M. |
142 |
|
McLennon, D. |
51 |
|
McLeod, J. M. |
172 |
|
McMahon, Mrs. |
137 |
|
MacNair, T. |
143 |
|
Maiden, Rev. C. H. ... |
59 |
|
Mallet, General |
44 |
|
March, Earl of |
218 |
|
Marcus Graecus |
114 |
|
Mark ham, Admiral ... |
196 |
|
Marks, Prof. |
79 |
|
Martell, C. ... |
108 |
|
Martyn, Rev. C. J. |
92 |
|
Marvin, W. T. E. |
191 |
|
Massey, S. F. |
93 |
|
Mason, Rev. H. J. |
134, 143 |
|
Mat Mazoun |
128 |
|
Meissner |
85 |
|
Mencius |
30 |
|
Menon, General |
119 |
|
Mercer, L. ... |
165 |
|
Meredith, Sir J. C. ... |
219 |
|
Mesua, J. |
112 |
|
Meyer, C. W. |
85 |
|
Miller, D. ... |
53 |
|
Milles, P. ... |
6 |
|
Mills, M. ... |
7, 10, 13 |
|
Mills, P. ... ... ... 6, |
7, 10, 13 |
|
Mills, T. |
12 |
|
Moller |
85 |
|
Moody, J. J... |
140 |
|
Moor, J. |
10, 13 |
|
Moore, C. J... |
141 |
|
Moray, R. ... |
165 |
|
Moreau, General |
44 |
|
Morris, J. |
139 |
|
Moss, C. B. ... |
218 |
|
Mosse, Surgeon-General, C.B. ... |
220 |
|
Muir, T. |
53 |
|
Murat, J. |
42, 46 |
|
Murdoch, R. A. |
53 |
|
Murray of Broughton |
166 |
|
Mylln,J. ... |
165 |
|
Nash, W. L.... |
50 |
|
Naymus Greens |
108 |
|
Neal, J., jun. |
12 |
|
Nealson, J. ... |
11 |
|
Neeley, B. ... |
136 |
|
Nelson, Horatio |
42 |
|
Newall, W. ... |
60 |
PAGE
Persons alluded to : —
Newton, J. ... .... ... 191
Nicholson, J. ... ... 7
Nodier, J. E. C. ... ... 43
Norfolk, Duke of ... 182
Northcote, Lord ... ... 218
Noton, G. H. ... ... 140
Ogden,T. ... ... ... 139
Oliver, Rev. S. ... ... 135
Osborn, J.G. ... ... 213
Othenio de Lichnowsky ... 169
Oudet, J. J.... ... ... 43
Padgett, R.... ... .. 22
Parker, General E. S. ... 47
Parkinson, T. ... ... 193
Parvin, T. S. ... ... 142
Paul I., Emperor of Russia ... 168
Pavitt, G. W. ... ... .59
Payne, G. ... ... ... 182
Penfold, A. ... ... ... 93
Pennell, J. ... ... ... 205
Peter of Bagworth ... ... 127
Philippsohn ... ... 84
Phillipps, W. H. ... ... 145
Pichegru, General ... ... 44
Pilkington, Rev. J. H. ... 220
Piranesi ... ... ... 54
Pius VII., Pope ... ... 168
Plunkett, Lord ... ... 219
Powell, C. C. ... ... 142
Proctor ... ... ... 9
Putman, Genl. R. ... ... 48
Raduor, Earl of ... ... 220
Ragon, J. M. ... ... 105
Ramsay, Allan ... ... 166
Ramsay, A. J. ... ... 219
Ramsay, A. M. ... ... 57
Ramsay, Hon. C. M. ... 219
Rancliffe, Lord ... ... 135
Reed, G. H. B. ... ... 141
Reiiaudin, Capt. ... ... 58
Renwick, P. ... ... 11
Richard Braunston ... ... 129
Richard Skempston ... ... 128
Robert de Craft ... ... 128
Robert de Hatherne ... 128
Robert de Swafham ... ... 128
Roberts, T. ... ... ... 11
Robir son, E. ... ... 6
Robinson, M. ... ... 6,10
Robson, R. ... ... ... 7, 10
Eoe, Commodore F. ... ... 47
Roger de Hathern ... ... 128
Rogers, Archdeacon ... ... 76
Rollo, Lord ... ... 135
Roome, C. ... ... ... 47
Rosenberg ... ... ... 85
Ross, P. ... ... ... 46
Russell, J. ... ... ... 150
Rylands, W. H. 97, 133, 191, 196, 199
Sackville, L. C. ... ... 56
Sadler, H. ... ... ... 37
St. Clair, J. V ... 56
St. Clair, J.... ... ... 56
St. Clair, W... ... ... 56,166
Savournin, Sergeant ... ... 43, 45
Sayer, Antony ... ... 181
Schreiner, F.S. ... ... 141
Schuyler, Dr. N. ... ... 48
Schwerin, H. H. ... ... 142
Scott, T. ... ... ... 143
Scriven, D. G. ... ... 219
Settegast, Prof. ... ... 83
Shackles, G. L. ... ... 190,196
Shakespeare, W. ... ... 75
Index.
XI.
Persons alluded to : —
Shepherd, R. Shepherd, T. Silberbauer, C. F. Simon, F. VV. Simon lo Quarreour ... Sinclair, J. O. Singleton, \V. R. Skidmore, T. Slicer, VV. ... Smith, Sir G. Smith, J. Smith, Miss L. T. Smith, R. ... Smith, S. Smith, VV. ... Smith, W. ... Snead, VV. ... Snowdon, G... Snowdon, R. .. Somore, R. ... Sparks, H. J. Spence, VV. ... Speth, G. VV. Sporryowre, R. Spratt, E. .. Stainer Steer, H. A.... Stephan le Mazoun ... Stephenson, T. Stevenson, R. Stewart, J. O. Stewart, R. K. Stokoe, E. ... Storer, A. Storer, E. G.
Strachan, J
Strasser, S. ... Sudlow, R. C. Summer, VV. T. Sussex, Duke of Sutherland, H. Swan, J. Swanston, M. Tate, J. Taylor, T. ... Telfair, A. ... Templeton, Viscount... Thew, G. ... Thew, G., jun. Thomas, J. E. Thomas de Chesham... Thomas le Masoun Thompson, J. Thorp', J. T. Tijou, T. J. R. Tobin, 1'. ... Todmorden ... Travers-Drapes, G. F. Turnbull, E. T. Turnbull, K. Utley Yardy, A. ...
PAGB
10,25
li
1
219
128
219
141
91
141
150
yi
63
53
88 205 215
60 7, 10 7,10
91
150, 220
219
97,198
91 205 134 172 128
10 129 219 219 10, 25 183
48 218 HI 150 141 20« 213 6
12 150 150
56
219
10, 2b
12 144 128 128
12
2, 134, 191, 196
150
215
140
92
16
6
139
7, 10
Persons alluded to: -
Vardy, J. ... Vaesar- Smith, R. V. ...
Verily, A. ... Yilleneuve, Admiral ... Vyse, Howard Walker, G. ... Walker, R. ... Walter, J. ... Walworth, W. VVanne, J. ... Ward, H. ... Ward, J. Waring, Dr. W. Warner, Col. S. Warren, Sir C. Washington, General... Watson, Rev. D. Watson, W.... Wayne, Gen. A. Weber, L. R. Webster, Sir A. F. W. E. West, G. Whyt, P. ... Wiebe, C. C. Will de Barkeby Williams, C.
Williams, J
Willoughby, VV.
Wilson, J. \i.
Wingate, General Sir F. R.
Wise. Capt. C. D.
Woodford, S. L.
Woodhouse, T.
Wren, Sir C.
Wyngere, T.
Yenns, C.
Young, J.
Yonow, C. ...
Philadelphians
Philo Musioae et Architecture Societas
Plate, Old Masonic
Plays, Chester
,, Coventry ... ... . .
„ Newcastle ... Wakefield ...
„ York Pottery, Masonic ...
St. Clair Charter ...
Schaw Statutes
Sloane Family of Old Charges
Speth Memorial Fund, Subscribers to
Summer Outing
Swoid, interesting Masonic...
Templar Crosses Testament of Solomon Tyler's Coat
Wardens Qualification for W.M. Wheeler's Lodge ...
PAGB
10
59
7,9
4 2
35
10
10
91
150
7
212
6
92
48
2, 168
48
219
191, 219
48
141
218, 220
212
166
85, 191
128
192
150
10
137
218
212
47
8, 10
181
128
7, 10
11
11
44, 45
133
116
67
68
71
69
63
139
165 165 153 185 220 49
54
172 166
218 140, 205
xn.
Index.
Illustrations.
Apron, White Satin, hand painted Breast Plate, Masters, Lodge Sanquhar
Kilwinning Certificate of a Military Lodge
,, Curious
Egyptian Figures (woodcut) Jewel, Silver (Thomas White)
,, ,, belonging to W. H. S.
Wright Past Master's Jewels Portraits — Besant, Sir Walter ,, Conder, E., jun. ...
,, Sayer, Anthony ..
Speth, G. W. Seals — • Absalon Lodge, Hamburg ,, Ayr Early Encampment ,, Early Grand Ark ,, Early Grand Red Cross Council
Scotland
PAGE
137
136
215
51
34, 35
41
137
27
105
frontispiece
181
97
50
143
125
204
PAGE
Seals — Ferdinand Caroline Lodge, Hamburg 86
,, Frankfort Eagle Lodge ... 217
,, Gunther Zum Stehenden Lowen (?) 93
„ Knight of the Strict Observance 164
„ Knight Templar ... ... 96
,, Lodge No. 293, Jersey ... 195
,, Minerva Degree of the Illuminati 58
,, Opening Dawn Lodge, Frankfoit 104 ,, S-C. de la Sincere Amitie a la
V. de Lyon ... ... 210
,, St. George Lodge, Hamburg ... 53 ,, Shakespeare Lodge, Spilsby ... 91 ,, Socrates Lodge of Steadfast- ness, Frankfort ... ... 135
,, Three, Thistles Lodge, Mayence
and Frankfort ... ... 171
,, Unidentified ... ... 82
Sword with Masonic Emblems (Turin) 49
Templar Crosses ... ... ... 55
Contributors.
Adams, A. W. Barlow, Dr. W. Barron, E. J. Begemann, Dr. W. ...
Calvert, Albert F. ...
Castle, C. J., K.C. ...
Clarke, C. Purdon ...
Conder, E.,jim. ... ... 14,60,97,
Crawley, Dr. W. J. Chetwode 14, 104, Crowe, F. J. W. ...
De Malczovich, Ladislas Forbes, Dr. S. Russell Goldney, F. H.
Gould, R. F. Greene, Dr. Thomas Greiner, Gotthelf ... Holme, R. H. Horsley, Rev. J. W... Hughan, W. J. James, Hugh
42, 101, 131,
16, 80, 87, 133, 134,
PAGE
96
147
56, 140
153
181
79
20, 80
126, 165
114, 205
51, 58
168
54, 56
20
194, 215
27,41
197, 211
137
20, 177
190, 218
32
Klein, Sydney T. Lamonby, W. F. le Strange, Hamon Macbean, Edward . Price, F. Compton . Eiley, J. Ramsden Robertson, J. Ross. Rylands, W. H.
Scott-Hall, Rev. W. Smith, James Songhurst, W. J. . Speth, G. W. 17,
Thomas, J. Edwin . Thorp, J. T. Weber, Louis R. Windle, Rev. W. E. Wright, W. H. S. Yarker, John
PAGE
32
103
20
... 102,201
58,139
180, 184
101
4, 20, 32, 33, 49, 80, 98, 105,
178, 184, 213 E. ... ... 80
137 54 30, 33, 54, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90,
91, 108 144 15,216 95 172,180 137 56, 136, 138, 139, 217
&v& (Qnatnov (&ovonotovxmt>
BEING THE TRANSACTIONS OF the
Quahwr Coronati Lodge of A.F. & A.M., London.
No. 2076. VOLUME XIV.
FRIDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1901.
HE Lodge met at Freemasons' Hall, at 5 p.m. Present: — Bros. W. M. Bywater, P.G.S.B., as W.M. ; W. H. Rylands, P.A.G.D.C, as l.P.M. ; Gotthelf Greiner, S.W.; Sydney T. Klein, P.M., as J.W. ; G. W. Speth, P.A.G.D.C, Secretary; Rev. J. W. Horsley, J.D. ; G. L. Shackles, I.G. ; E. Armitage and F. H. Goldnev, P.G.D., Stewards; Past Masters, Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, Col. S. C. Pratt, C. Purdon Clarke ; and Hamon le Strange, Prov.G.M., Norfolk.
Also the following 59 Members of the Correspondence Circle : — Bros. G. J. Smith, P.G.O. ; Hugh James, T. Cohu, Dr. B. T. Hutchinson, D. Hills, J. A. Carpenter, Rev. A. G. L. Robertson, G. P. Gordon Hills, W. Chambers, Rev. H. T. Cart, W. Metcalfe, G. Macfarlane, F. A. Powell, F. W. Levander, W. H. Brown, H. M. Kruszinski, H. E. Overbeck, C. C. Paine, C. Letch Mason, E. A. T. Breed, C J. R. Tijou, P.G.Pt.; H. Eaborn, W. H. Colman, A. F. Robbins, R. J. Campbell, W. J. Songhurst, E. Gauntlett, Rev. W. E. Scott-Hall, W. A. Tharp, G. Wormald- White, A. Fisher, J. C. Pocock, J. T. Sweet, A. L. Vibert, Dr. R. Lake, W. J. Moulder, W. C. Hobbs, R. S. Ellis, C. L. M. Eales, L. Danielsson, C. H. Perryman, S. W. Furze Morrish, J. R. Brough, A. Carpenter, R. A. Gowan, F. Samuelson, E. C. Stimson, E. S. Glaeser, J. F. Henley, W. Reeve, Dr. S. Walsh Owen, W. Hammond, H. W. L. Holman, F. W. Mitchell, P. J. Edwards, A. F. Hardyment, E. Leveson, and A. C. S. Leveson.
Also the following 10 Visitors: — Bros. A. V. Jones, Minneapolis Lodge, No. 19; F. J. Phillips, Sir Walter St. John Lodge, No. 2513 ; T. Charlesworth, of the same ; H. Day, Alfred Newton Lodge, No. 268G; H. Machin, P.M., St. Andrew's Lodge, No. 231; S. W. Lambert, P.M., Addiscombe Lodge, No. 1856 ; A. Downes, Eastern Star Lodge, No. 95 ; H. G. Williams, Royal Naval College Lodge, No. 1593 ; E. N. Hatch, St. Martins le Grand Lodge, No. 1538; and C. J. Thornton, Cherrybles Lodge, No. 2466.
The following Members of the Lodge wrote in apology for unavoidable absence : — Bros, the W.M., E. Conder, jun, detained in Gloucestershire on Magisterial duty; T. B- Whytehead, P.G.S.B., unable to leave York; E. Macbean, P.M., Glasgow; Dr. W. J. Chetwode Crawley, P.G-D., Ireland, Dublin; W. J. Hughan, Torquay; R. F.Gould, P.G.D. ; E. J. Castle, J.W. j and Admiral Markham, P.Dis.G.M., Malta.
Two Lodges and forty-four Brethren were admitted to the Membership of the Correspondence Circle.
The Secretary announced that it had been intimated to him that H.R.H. Prince Frederick Leopold of Prussia, the Protector of German Freemasonry, Ordens-Meister of the National Grand Lodge at Berlin, and Past Grand Master in the Grand Lodge of England, would be pleased to be admitted to the Correspondence Circle, and his name had therefore been placed upon the list of candidates for that evening. But the Committee had thought it better to remove the name of this distinguished Brother from the list, and, in view of his high Masonic rank, and his eminent services to German Freemasonry, to recommend him to the Brethren for acceptance as an Houorary Member of the Lodge, foaling sure that the Prince would feel the compliment intended. Prince Frederick Leopold of Prussia was therefore proposed and seconded as an Honorary Member of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge and unanimously elected.
The Secretary reported that Bro. Greiner and he had visited Bro. C. Kupferschmidt, who had recently had his right arm taken off at the shoulder, and that they found him making a good recovery from the operation and in excellent spirits. The Secretary was directed to convey to Bro. Kupfer- schmidt the assurance of the sympathy and love of the Brethren.
The following resolutions were unanimously carried —
That Bro. Charles Frederick Silberbauer having for a series of years been exceptionally active in South Africa as Local Secretary of the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle, the Lodge cannot accept his
* The large initials throughout this volume are taken from the edition of Ptolemy's Geography, printed at Strassburg, in 1525.
2 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
resignation of that office without patting on record its sense of the valuable service which he has rendered and its sincere regret that he has felt it incumbent upon him to retire : and that this resolution be suitably engrossed and presented to him.
That Bro. Samuel Jones having for seven years been exceptionally active in Cheshire and Liverpool as the Local Secretary of the Quatuor Coronati Correspondence Circle, the Lodge cannot accept his resignation of that office without putting on record itn sense of the valuable service which he has rendered and its sincere regret that he has felt it incumbent upon him to retire : and that this resolution be suitably engrossed and presented to him.
The following articles were exhibited : —
By Bro. J. A. Carpenter: a set of three small hand-painted Tracing Boards framed in rose- wood, probably dating from the early years of the 19th century.
By Bro. Joseph Gray, Singapore, a photograph of a curious hand-painted Masonic plate, found by Bro. R. T. Olsen among some very old china in Copenhagen.
By Dr. Richard Lake, a hand-painted Masonic jug, Leeds (?) ware, which he presented to the Lodge Museum.
The Report of the Audit Committee, as follows, was received, adopted, and ordered to be placed on the Minutes.
PERMANENT AND AUDIT COMMITTEE.
The Committee met at Frascati's Restaurant, on Friday, 14th December, 1900.
Present :— Bros. T. B. Whvtehead, I.P.M., W. M. Bywater, S. T. Klein, C. Purdon Clarke, Col. S. C. Pratt, Rev. J. W. Horsley and G. W. Speth.
The Committee agreed upon the following
REPORT.
Brethren,
A few days after our last Annual Report was in your hands, we had occasion to lament the sudden death of our distinguished Brother, John Lane, of Torquay, P.A.G.D.C., the foremost statistician of the Craft. His memory was worthily honoured in our Transactions by his intimate friend, Bro. W. J. Hughan. We mourn his loss not only as a kindly true-hearted brother, but also as a master in his department of research whose place it will be extremely difficult to fill.
We have admitted to our Inner Circle Bro. John Thomas Thorp, of Leicester, who, especially in his own district, has done much to further Masonic Archaeology. Our number thus remains, as before, thirty-two.
Our distinguished Brother, and first Master, Sir Charles Warren, has returned safely from the dangers of the South African campaign, and has been much gratified by the interest shown in his welfare by the Lodge brethren, as evinced by our telegram and his reception by our Local Secretary and brethren in Cape Town and elsewhere.
The Outer or Correspondence Circle has not advanced at the same rate as in former years ; the number of new members has considerably fallen off. This is probably to be attributed, in some measure, to the minds of Englishmen being pre-occupied, during recent times, by matters which have drawn away their attention from Masonic study. But we feel that, in a lesser degree, it may be also due to a slackness on the part of our members, who have not taken every available opportunity of bringing our society before their Masonic friends. Possibly they have felt that, with our large member- ship, there was no need for exertion. But this is a wrong view. The larger the Society, the greater is the leakage due to resignation, death, and erasure ; and the more necessary to provide against it. The result is that, although our new members number 284, they barely suffice to fill up vacant places on our roll. Our number is now 2850 as against 2836 this time last year. This is the smallest annual net increase we have ever reported, and we hope our members will enable us to show a very much better result next year.
During the 14 years that we have been at work, our income has steadily increased, year by year. Even during the last twelve months, in spite of the fact that we have been unable to communicate with at least one hundred of our members in South Africa, whose dues therefore remain unpaid, this increase of income has been maintained, although not in the same degree as formerly. Timorous prudence might have dictated a curtailment of expenses, but we were reluctant to allow our current volume of Transactions to fall below the level of its predecessors, and the merits of certain contributions have induced us to spend even more than usual on illustrations, so that our expenditure has grown fn somewhat larger measure than our income. Nevertheless, we are able to present a thoroughly satis- factory balance sheet, as will be seen below, which proves the Lodge to be not only solvent, but well ahead of its liabilities.
The dues outstanding are enormous in their total of nearly JE700. The unfortunate state of affairs in South Africa, to which we have already alluded, is responsible for a large proportion of this deficiency. But we cannot refrain from once more pointing out that, after making all allowance necessary for this, as also for the fact that some £70 is due for Reprints Vol. IX, which has hardly yet reached many of our subscribers, the list appended to our statement of accounts is far from creditable to us as a fraternity, or to the individuals whose carelessness or indifference has contributed to such a huge aggregate of indebtedness. There are over seven hundred brethren who have not paid their ■subscription for 1900, and over four hundred who have not yet paid for 1899 !
For the Committee^
T. B. WHYTEHEAD, I.P.M.
Audit Report.
GENERAL CASH ACCOUNT TO 30th NOVEMBER, 1900.
To Cash Balance 1st Dec, 1890
£ s. d. 425 7 5
To Subscriptions ,, Joining Fee .
LODGE ACCOUNT.
£ s. d.
36 10 6
5 5 0
41 15 6
1900 TRANSACTIONS.
To Subscriptions
1092 12 6
BACK TRANSACTIONS. To Sales and Arrears 242 18 4
To Advance Payments received „ Medals
„ Bindings and Cases
,, Reprints, Vol ix
,, Work on British Medals ,, Sundry Extra Publications „ Life Members Fees ,, Dividend on Investments
97 16 6
50 5 0
45 0 9
11 11 0
33 16 3
122 10 0
44 2 0
16 15 11
£2224 11 2
©v.
LODGE ACCOUNT.
By Quarterages ... „ Rent of Lodge Room „ Tyler's Fees, &c. „ P.M. Jewel .. Signature Book
£ s. d.
6 2 0
9 9 0
4 16 6
1 10 0
1 15 0
Wreath for the late J.Lane 0 15 0
1900 TRANSACTIONS.
By
Vol. 13, part I. ,, part II. „ part III. (on
account) Author's Copies Summonses, &c. Catalogue Slips Clerical Assistance ... Expenses of Local
Secretaries ... Transvaal Relief Fund Telegram to Sir C.
Warren Sundry Petty Expenses
108 2 139 17
14 2 6 12
15 1 9 15
17 12
5 3
8 6 0
0 6
13 13 11
10 10 0
2 18 19 15
BACK TRANSACTIONS.
By St. John's Card, 1899 „ Part III., 1899 ,, Summonses „ Clerical Assistance ... ,, Repurchases...
77 120
3 22
5
8 7 9 11 8
6 0 0 6 0
By Advance Payments transferred ... „ Medals
„ Bindings and Cases
,, Reprints, Vol. ix. ...
„ Work on British Medals ...
„ Sundry Extra Publications
„ Investments, £250 Consols
,, Library, Purchases and Binding...
OFFICE EXPENSES.
By Stationery 42 15 6
„ Postage * 213 14 11
,, Secretary's Salary, including £50 allow- ance for a Clerk ... 300 0 0
„ Rent 40 0 0
„ Gas and Fuel ... 5 0 0
,, Fire Insurance ... 2 7 6
„ Furniture 9 0 6
CASH BALANCE.
With L. & C. Bank ... 247 15 8 In hand 208 18 5
£ s. d.
24 7 6
358 0 9
229 64 42
4 11 16
0 0 6
29 0 6 32 3 6 1 10 0 80 2 6 245 13 6 47 8 11
612 18 5
456 14 1
£2224 11 2
I have examined the above Accounts with the Books, Banker's Pass Book, and Voucher* produced, and certify the same to be correct in accordance therewith.
7th December, 1900.
Alfred S. Gedge,
Chartered Accountant,
3, Great James' Street,
Bedford Row, W.C.
4
Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
STATEMENT OF THE FINANCIAL POSITION OF THE LODGE.
30th November, 1900.
Liabilities. Assets-
Capital Account
Life Fund (83 members)
£593 9 6 Whymper Fund ... 105 15 1
Payments in advance
Subscriptions ... 109 18 11 Sundry publications 22 8 11
£ s. d.
699 4 7
132 7 10
Estimated balance of printing for 1900 200 0 0 Balance of Assets over Liabilities ... Ill 1 8
£1142 14 1
Cash Balance In Bank In hand
Consols £700 at 98
£ s. d.
247 15 8 208 18 5
£ s. d.
456 14 1 6S6 0 0
£1142 14 1
The assets, as given above, do not include, because not immediately available,
Stock, consisting of 16 Complete Sets of the Transactions, Vols. I. -XIII. ; remnants of Vols. II., IV.-XIII. ; Antiquarian Keprints, Vols. V.-IX.; Facsimiles of the Regius Poem and of 5 Rolls of the Constitutions, etc., etc. : — nor the
Library and Museum, on which over £400 has been actually expended by the Lodge, without taking into account the many valuable books, prints and Masonic curiosities presented by the members : — nor even any portion of the
Amounts Outstanding, as given below; a large part of which will undoubtedly be received during the next few months, as all members who are hopelessly in arrear have been struck off the books.
AMOUNTS OUTSTANDING.
1900 Subscriptions ..
Back ,,
Reprints IX.
Binding
Medals
Sundry publications
£ s. d.
368 19 0
237 10 0
69 6 0
10 5 0
1 10 6
3 15 6
£691 6 0
The following paper was read : —
THE ALNWICK LODGE MINUTES.
BY BRO. W. H. RYLANDS, P.A.G D.C.
|
il M^: |
2ij |
ROTHER HUGHAN appears to have first noticed this Manuscript in the Freemason of the 21st of January, 1871 : it was next commented upon by the same writer in the Freemasons' Magazine, vol. i., 1874, when he placed a very considerable portion of the contents in the hands of Masonic students.
Bro. Gould, in his History of Freemasonry, (vol. ii., pp. 260, 337, etc.,) working on another copy of the text, published a number of extracts, and called attention to many points of interest.
It was not, however, until the year 1895 that the whole of the Ms. was edited and published. This was undertaken by the Province of Northumberland and Durham, of the " Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia," as a volume of their publications. It contains a facsimile of the text of the Old Charges contained in the volume, the Operative Rules, as well as a number of signatures and records of freedoms immediately following the Rules.
The Alnwick Manuscript. 5
A great portion of the volume, that containing the Minutes is not given in facsimile, hut only transcribed and printed in type. I cannot help thinking that a good opportunity of placing students in possession of a carefully made facsimile or photograph has been lost : and it is much to be regretted that this very interesting series of records was not placed at the disposal of our Lodge in order that they might be properly issued, in complete facsimile, a work which I feel sure the Lodge would have undertaken. It Would then have been possible to have studied the contents from the next best thing to the Ms. itself.
A very small amount of trouble would have enabled the editors to arrive at the proper position of some of the entries. As but little respect can be attached to them, it would have been better to have first removed the labours of the careful house-wife, in the form of the brown paper covers, and then make the endeavour to arrange the leaves in their proper order. No disarrangement of the leaves could have occurred, if the pages had been numbered in pencil ; and the separation of the sheets would to some extent have shown where the blanks really occur. In the printed copy the arrangement of the Minutes is confused, and unless the Ms. was nothing more than a note book, it is impossible to believe that the entries were originally made in any order but that of the dates of the meetings. A calculation of the number of leaves in the undisturbed sheets would have assisted materially in the arrangement of the earlier leaves in the volume. As published the confusion in the arrangement of the entries causes trouble.
No transcription, unless most carefully made, can possibly supply the place of the original : and our confidence is shaken when we find, to note only a few instances in the printed transcript, the name Browster, printed as Crouster : Davidson as Davids: and what is probably Brown as Crolen : Palliser varied with Pattison, Pallisen and Pallison : it is impossible to know whether we are to accept the unusual name Fram, or understand it as an error of transcription for Hiam. Also when Cuthbert Chrisp becomes Cuthbert Young, it is uncertain whether it is to be associated with a name transcribed as Cuthbert Younns, with other variations. The possible faulty transcription of this name it will be seen affects the regular arrange- ment of the names of those present at the Lodge on the 27th of December, 1748.
I have no doubt that it was the same in many cases, as it was in my own, that the Ms. was simply accepted but not subjected to a careful study. A few years ago, when the entire text was printed, occasion caused me to study it for quite a different purpose than the examination of the Ms. itself: and from this examination I was led to think that it contains some points of peculiar interest. This must be my excuse for again opening the question of the real meaning of the records contained in the Minutes.
The copy of the "Constitutions" or "Old Charges" with which the volume appears to begin is of no special interest, its few peculiarities are clearly pointed out in Bro. Hughan's admirable edition of the " Old Charges " (1895).
A good portion of the Minutes after 1748 were written by Nicholas Brown the clerk : and it is worth noting that notwithstanding the fact that a copy was probably already contained in the Operative Minute Book, on the 24th of June, 1749, Nicholas Brown was paid from the funds " for writing the Constitutions."
The Rules which immediately follow the copy of the Old Charges are different from those usually found in other Mss., but some of them are modelled upon the original ones. They were as stated in the text the " Orders to be observed by the company and Fellowship of Free Masous at A Lodge held att Alnwick Septr 29, 1701, being the Gen [era] 11 head meeting day." These Rules are of a purely operative
6 Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.
character, and the fines to be imposed in case of their being broken are added. A number of signatures follow and it is worth noting that the last of these as far as the fragments now remaining show is dated in 1722. To some of the signatures the date is given at which the members who signed the Rules became "free": there is, however, no record of the quality of the persons thus entered, and the natural conclusion is that they were operative masons and that as far as page 32 of the printed copy the minutes belong entirely to an operative Lodge. "This Lodge, so far as is known, had no charter of incorporation, but simply formed itself.
If the Lodge had been at all speculative it would have probably gradually merged into an entirely speculative Lodge, but it did not. The Minutes from the year 1701 to 1709, may be considered to be ordinary operative minutes : and the " Inroll- ment of Apprentices " which occurs at a later date as follows, is clearly an operative entry : (p. 31 of printed copy).
" Inrollment of Apprentices. " James Swan bound Apprentice to Patrick Mills November 1751 " Edward Robinson bound Apprentice to Michael Robinson April 1752."
The Minutes with the notes of the year 1735 (page 31) are difficult to under- stand. They apparently occur on a page by themselves, and seem to now occupy a portion of the thirtieth page of the original Ms. July (?) Ano 15 1735
mo
John , Afnlderson, Patrick Milles
mark L J
(John) Ward
John Anderson ye 15, 1735
Robert Turnbull July ye 15. 1735
John Best [? Bell]
Thomas Hutson [Hudson] July ye 15. 1735
Thomas 1 Hoiye
mark J
July ye 15, 1735 Robert Coward Juley ye 15d 1735.
No information is supplied by the editors : and this is one of those instances when a facsimile would be very welcome, as much might turn on the question whether the names are signatures or not. It is well to note that,
John Anderson, was made free on the 17th of July, 1713.
Patrick Milles, „ „ „ 27th of December, 1706 (?)
John Anderson, [Junior] is only mentioned in this instance.
Robert Turnbull, was made free on the 30th of December, 1717.
John Best [? Bell], „ „ „ 22nd of May, 1716.
Thomas Hudson ("like John Anderson, Junior only occur in this
Thomas Hoiye J entry, before the Minute of the 27th of Decem-
Robert Coward (ber, 1748 : shortly to be referred to.
The first three names may be those of the Master and Wardens; and it will be observed that the date is not attached to them; although, July 15th, 1735, appears after all the names following except that of John Best [? Bell]. They cannot record "freedoms," unless it is to be understood that a new set of men having the same names as those who became free at an earlier date, had joined the operative Lodge. This certainly took place in some instances, for example, there were two members bearing the name of John Anderson, one of whom I have called Junior. Again
The Alnwick Meeting, 27 th December, 1748. 7
William Archer in the list of those signing the rules uses for his mark a badly formed right angle with a dot in it, whereas a William Archer in signing the minute of the 27th of December, 1708, uses for his mark, not as stated in the explanatory Note by the Editors, No. 100 of the Newcastle reprint, "a W crossed out;" but really no doubt a monogram formed of his two initials WA. combined.
One word may be said about the various marks used. As in the case of the marks discovered by our W.M., Bro. Conder, in the books of the Masons' Company of London, when a letter is used it is generally the initial letter of the Christian name of the owner. John Gammon uses the letter I; Robert Anderson the letter R; Thomas Garrett the letter T ; John Nicholson, on the contrary, uses a right angle ; John Wanne a W reversed ; and William Balmborough like William Archer combines the initial letters of his name, WB. ; Edward Castles uses three vertical lines, on the top of which is placed an horizontal line ; this can have no connection with his name unless it represents the letter E placed on its side.
On the 20th of January, 1708 (i.e. 1709) when that very interesting regulation was made, that the members of the Lodge should wear on St. John's Day at Christmas an apron and " a Common Square fixt in the belt thereof," the Operative Lodge "was kept at Alnwick at the house of Mr. Thomas Davidson then one of the Ward[ens]."
Under the date the 27th of December, 1748, occurs a minute, the true meaning of which, I think, has never been appreciated. This and almost all the remaining entries were written by the Clerk Nicholas Brown : (page 33 of the printed copy).
The following is the entry in full :
Alnwick 27th December 1748 This is to Certify that we whose Names are hereunder subscribed are made ffree Broth1-8 at this sd Lodge holden at the house of Mr Thos Harrison In Alnwick
The Lodge erected as follows Roger Robson in Thropton — chosen Master
George Snowdon and )
t,. ,j .,,• > Wardens
Richd Atkinson j
Cuthb' Yenns (Young ?) Rob* Snowdon | Bro1'3 to the assistance
and Wm Anderson ) of the said Lodge.
John Anderson Matthew Mills
Rob1 Hudson Thomas Anderson
Thos hlS, Hoy Patrick Mills
mark J
Andrew Vardy Robert Carenton
Thos Harrison
Jonathan James
X11S
Robert , Harrison
mark
Nich. Brown
It will be noticed that this meeting was held at the house of Thomas Harrison and not at the house of Thomas Davison, where the Operative Lodge met (p. 32.) On looking over the list of names it appears that John Anderson signed the Operative Rules in 1701, and was Master of the Operative Lodge according to the undated minute on page 29 of the printed copy. Robert Hudson signed the Rules about 1701, and was one of the Wardens in 1748. Thomas Hoy was a Warden in the same year. Andrew Verdy "was made a Freemason," i.e., Free of the Trade of Masonry, on the 27th of September, 1708, and signed the Operative Rules. Patrick Mills was made free on December the 27th, 1708, and signed the same Rules.
8 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
Thomas Harrison was probably the landlord of the house at which the Lodge met.
Of the remaining five names there'is no record in the minutes of the operative Lod^e ; these minutes are however very irregular and imperfect, and the distance of time between 1708 and 1748 is sufficient to allow of the admission of some new members.
I have taken out all the records belonging to the names mentioned in the minutes, and it will be seen from the table that Robert Robson Master, George Snowdon and Richard Atkinson, Wardens, as well as Cuthbert " Yenns," Robert Snowdon and William Anderson who were " Brovs [called in] to the assistance of the Lodge" never attended after the 27th of December, 1748 ; the meeting of which I have just quoted the minute.
It will be noticed also that the meetings were held on or near the St. John's Days in Summer and Winter, from the 27th of December, 1748, to the 24th of June, 1756, and that at almost every meeting new members were admitted ; some of these being strangers and some apprentices to the trade of Masonry.
I have said, on or near the St. John's Days, there is, however, some confusion in the minutes of the year 1755. A meeting is entered as being held on the 29th of December (p. 55), and the balance of cash is carried over to another meeting held four days earlier, on the 25th of December (p. 56). In the table I have classed these entries as belonging to one meeting. It seems not unlikely that both the dates should be read 27th of December, 1755.
At the meeting following that recorded above a new Master aud Wardens, all members of the Lodge were chosen ; a rule being also made that the officers should be elected annually. Other rules were agreed upon, two of which must be noticed (page 34) " It is ordered that all apprentices that shall offer to be admitted into ye sd Lodge after serving due apprenticeship shall pay for such admittance — 10 — [shillings].
Also that all other persons and strangers (not serving a Due apprenticeship) that shall apply to be admitted into [the] said Lodge shall pay for such admittance the sum of 17 [shillings and] 6 [pence]."
From these rules it is clear that apprentices who had served their time in the trade of masonry were to be admitted for a less fee than strangers.
The next meeting is to be held at the house of Mr. Thomas Woodhouse, who was present probably as a visitor on the 27th of December, 1749, there being no mention of his having been admitted a member. It was also arranged that two shillings and sixpence should be paid as a subscription each St. John's Day ; and that a payment should also be made by every member present for his "dinner and liquor" on those days.
The minutes from this time assume the form of the old Lodge records, being the accounts of receipts and expenditure. They differ entirely from those of the Operative Lodge ; each admission is regularly entered, whereas the custom of the Operative Lodge appears to have been for the members to sign the rules, the date of freedom being in some cases added.
It may also be pointed out that the 5th operative rule orders " Thatt noe Mason shall take an apprentice [but his master must] Enter him and give him his Charge within one whole Year after ;" and that in Rule 9, the words " Admitted or Accepted " are used with regard to apprenticeship. Also Rule 13 which reads, " Thatt noe Rough Layers or any other thatt has not served their time, or been Admitted Masons shall work within the Lodge any work of Masonry whatsoever (Except under a Mastr [Mason])." It will be noted that " Admitted " not "Accepted " is also the word used in the minutes of the Speculative Lodge at Alnwick; evidently they followed the
The New Lodge.
operative modes of expression to which they were accustomed. No argument can, I think, be based on the entry (page 23) that Proctor, Chapman and Verdy were " made free Masons Decr 27Ul, 1708," when the entries before and after state that certain Masons were " made free :" it is the record of Proctor, Chapman and Verdy having taken up their freedom in the Operative Lodge, after having served a seven years' apprenticeship, according to the rules.
On December, the 27th, an entry appears "Allowed for a p[ai]r of Gloves and Apron Is. 4d." Daniel Cuthbertson the "Musicioner," received several payments ; and one shilling is given for a pair of compasses (page 57).
To return to the heading of the minute of the 27th of December, 1748. It is, 1 think, impossible to accept the suggestion of the editors of the Newcastle reprint that " erected " is an error for " elected," or their note No. 115, on the minute ordering a half-yearly subscription, that " This seems to be the establishment of the Benefit Society hereinafter referred to."
In the first place, if this were so, Roger Robson would hardly have been, immediately afterwards, entered as being " chosen " the Master : " chosen " is the old word used in such cases, and never the word " elected." The only conclusion that can be arrived at is, that the members of the operative Lodge at Alnwick determined to have a Lodge of Accepted or Speculative Masons, and that with the assistance of certain brethren who are named, and never attended the Lodge again, a Lodge of Freemasons was " erected" at the house of Mr. Thomas Harrison.
Roger Robson was invited from Thropton which is more than twelve miles from Alnwick, and was chosen to temporarily occupy the position of Master. Of the place of residence of George Snowdon and Richard Atkinson who acted as Wardens there is no information; but it is stated that Cuthbert Yenns ?. Robert Snowdon (possibly the brother of George) and William Anderson (it may be the brother of the other warden) were " Bro1'3 [invited] to the assistance of the said Lodge." That is to say, a Lodge of six Freemasons was formed in order to " erect " a new Lodge and admit into Speculative Freemasonry a number of the members of the operative Lodge at Alnwick. It would now be very difficult to trace to what particular Lodge of Freemasonry the six belonged, but the position of Alnwick with regard to the Border must not be overlooked : also that on page 56 of the printed copy the following note occurs, " George Henderson of A lnwick, Visiting Bro1' from Canongate Kilwinning Lodge."
Thus it is proved that an acknowledged right existed among Freemasons of the power being vested in a certain number of them when gathered together to "erect " a new Lodge ; and it must be noted that as far as we know, in the present instance the entire Lodge was composed of newly-made masons, to whom the power of making masons was given, as it is impossible to believe that all those admitted after the foundation of the Lodge were already Freemasons.
It is a long distance from Alnwick to London, nevertheless it eannot be over- looked that the " erection " of this Lodge took place when the Grand Lodge of England had been in existence for over thirty years ; and that the first " Regular " Lodge at Alnwick was that founded in 1779 at the Bee Hive in the Market Place.
Another point of interest may be called attention to ; as recorded in the minutes, — Nicholas Brown was chosen Clerk soon after the Lodere was "erected" in 1748, and "all perquisites for admittance [are] to be paid to (the) clerk" [p. 37]. As already mentioned he was paid for making a copy of the " Constitutions," probably taken from that entered at the commencement of the minutes of the operative Lodge. This copy it may fairly be concluded was required for use in the Lodge of speculative Masons.
10 MEMBERS OF THE LODGE AT ALNWICK— 1748 to 1756.
1748. 1749. 1750.
27th Dec. 31st Dec. 24th June. 27th Dec. 25th June. 27th Dec.
|
Robson, Roger, in Thropton... |
Master |
^ These |
never atten |
ded again. |
||||
|
Snowdon, George |
Wardn. 1 |
|||||||
|
Atkinson, Richd. |
Wardn. 2 |
\ They no |
doubt "er |
ected" the |
Lodge of |
" Free |
||
|
Yenns [?]Cuthbert| Bros, to the Snowdon, Robert J- assistance of Anderson, William j said Lod?e- |
P. |
| Brot |
hers," or F |
reemasons, |
and four |
days |
||
|
P. |
afte |
rwards neiv |
officers wer |
e elected. |
||||
|
P. |
J |
|||||||
|
1 |
Anderson, John |
P. \ m |
Mas., Pro.1 |
Master, P. |
Mastr., P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
2 |
Hudson, Robert |
P. |
g |
Ward.2,Y. |
Ward.2,P. |
Ward.2,V. |
Ward. 1 |
Warden 1 ? |
|
3 |
Hoy, Thomas ... |
P. |
o |
W. 1, Pro.1 |
Ward.l.P. |
Ward.l,'?. |
chos.M.,P. |
Master Prest. |
|
4 |
Vardy, Andrew |
P. |
o5*. |
. . * |
Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
5 |
Mills, Matthew |
P. |
-a bo |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Ward.2,F. |
Ward. 2 Prest. |
|
6 |
Anderson, Thomas ... |
P. |
[°3 |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
7 |
Mills, Patrick |
P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
8 |
Carrington, Robert ... |
P. |
ifc|i_i |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
9 |
Harrison, Thomas [publican] |
P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
10 |
James, Jonathan |
P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
11 |
Harrison, Robert |
P.).9 P./ ' |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
12 |
Brown, Nicholas |
P., Cleric. |
P., Clerk. |
P., Clerk. |
Clerk P. |
Clerk. Prest; |
||
|
13 |
Stokoe, Edward |
. • • |
Prest. |
Expelled |
27th Dec, |
1749. |
||
|
14 |
Lindsey, George |
■ • • |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
15 |
Thew, George [" stranger "] |
. . . |
• • * |
Admit. P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
16 |
Cuthbertson, Daniel [_?Mason] |
. . . |
. . • |
Admit. P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
17 |
Shepherd, Robert [apprentice] |
. . • |
Admit. P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
18 |
Hiam, John [? Fram] |
o . . |
. . . |
Absent |
Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
19 |
Elliott, Henry |
..* |
... |
P. Did not |
pay his sub |
scription ? |
marked' (unpd." |
|
|
20 |
Robinson, Michael [apprentice] |
... |
. . . |
Admit. P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
21 |
ffordy, Cuthbert [do.]?Hardy |
. .* |
• . . |
. . » |
Admit. P. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
|
|
22 |
Henderson, John [stranger] |
. . . |
. . . |
Admit. P. |
? Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
23 |
Allen, William [do.] ... |
. , |
Admit. P. |
, . |
Prest. |
|||
|
24 |
Moor, John [do.] ... Woodhouse, Thomas ? visitor |
... |
... |
Admit. P. Prest. |
Prest. |
Prest. |
||
|
25 |
Vardy, James [apprentice] ... |
..* |
. . * |
Admit. Prest. |
||||
|
26 |
Athey, Thos. [do.] or Attey |
. . . |
Admit. Prest. |
|||||
|
27 |
Balmborough, Wm. [? Mason] |
... |
. . . |
. . . |
Admit. Prest. |
|||
|
28 |
Stephenson, Thos. [? do.] ... |
. . . |
. . . |
. .. |
Admit. Prest. |
|||
|
29 |
Walker, Robt. [?do.]... |
. . . |
Admit. Prest. |
|||||
|
30 |
Willoughby, Wm. [apprentice] |
. . . |
Admit. Prest. |
|||||
|
3L |
Hunter, Andrew [do.]... |
. . . |
. . . |
. . * |
Admit. Prest. |
|||
|
32 |
Walker, Geo. [stranger] |
.. . |
. . * |
. . . |
Admit. Prest. |
|||
|
33 |
Davidson, Thos., of Alnwick, Mason [? apprentice] |
|||||||
|
34 |
Young, James, do. [stranger] |
... |
||||||
|
35 |
Nealson,John,of Felton, Mason [? apprentice] |
|||||||
|
36 |
Roberts, Thomas, of Alnwick [stranger]... |
|||||||
|
37 |
Yonow, Cuthbert, of Wandylaw [? Mason] ? Young |
|||||||
|
38 |
Muckell, Thomas [PMason] ... |
... |
. . . |
... |
||||
|
39 |
Hudson, Thomas, of Alnwick, Mason |
|||||||
|
40 |
Hudson, John, of Alnwick [apprentice] |
|||||||
|
41 |
Renwick, Paul, of Bilton, Mason |
|||||||
|
42 |
Gardiner,Robert,of Old Felton [stranger]... |
|||||||
|
43 |
Shepherd, Thomas [appren- tice] |
|||||||
|
44 |
Burne, James [apprentice] ... |
. . . |
. . . |
. . . |
... |
|||
|
45 |
Neal, John, junr. [stranger] |
. . . |
... |
|||||
|
46 |
Carmichael, George [stranger] |
... |
... |
|||||
|
47 |
Thompson, John [apprentice] |
... |
. . . |
... |
||||
|
48 |
Thew, George, juo. [appren- tice] |
• •• |
The following abbre- viations are used :— |
|||||
|
49 |
Anderson, John, of Swarland [Mason] ... |
t •• |
P., Prest. = Present. Ad. = Admitted. |
|||||
|
50 |
Swanston, Matthew, of Aln- wick [stranger] ... |
M. = Master. W. = Warden. |
||||||
|
Henderson, George. Visitor. |
.. * |
. . . |
. . . |
... |
||||
|
51 |
Mills, Thomas [apprentice]... |
■ «.« |
... |
• •• |
... |
... |
... |
|
|
52 |
Harrison, Thomas [appren- tice] |
|||||||
|
53 |
Armstrong, John [Mason] ... |
- |
... |
... |
... |
... |
Wm. Brown (? Nicholas Brown) waa the proxy. William Brown does not occur again.
Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge. 1751. 1752.
1th Juno. 27th Dec. 24th June. 27th Dec.
11
1753. 25th June. 27th Dec.
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 35
36
37
38 39
40
41 42
43
44 45 46 47 48
49
50
51 52
58
Robson, Roger, in Tliropton ... Snowdon, George Atkinson, Richd. Venus [?]Cuthbert|Bros-tothe Snowdon, Robert [■ assistance of Anderson, William j 8aid Lodge. Anderson, John Hudson, Robert
Hoy, Thomas ...
Vardy, Andrew
Mills, Matthew
Anderson, Thomas
Mills, Patrick
Carringtou, Robert ...
Harrison, Thomas [publican]
James, Jonathan
Harrison, Robert
Brown, Nicholas
Stokoe, Edward
Lindsey, George
Thew, George [" stranger "]
Cuthbertson, Daniel [? Mason]
Shepherd, Robert [apprentice]
Hiain, John [F Fram]
Elliott, Henry
Robinson, Michael[apprentice]
ffordy, Cuthbert [do.J PHardy
Henderson, John [stranger]
Allen, William [do ]
Moor, John [do-]
Woodhouse, Thomas
Vardy, James [apprentice] ...
Athey, Thos. [do.] or Attey ...
Balmborough, Wm. [? Mason]
Stephenson, Thos. [?do.]...
Walker, Robt. [? do.] ...
Willoughby, Wm. [apprentice]
Hunter, Andrew [do.] ...
Walker, Geo. [stranger]
Davidson, Thos. of Alnwick, Mason [? apprentice]
Young, James, do. [stranger]
Nealson, John, of Pelton, Mason [? apprentice]
Roberts, Thomas, of Alnwick [stranger]...
Yonow1, Cuthbert, of Wandylaw [? Mason] ? Young
Muckell, Thomas [? Mason] ...
Hudson, Thomas, of Alnwick, Mason
Hudson, John, of Alnwick [apprentice]
Ren wick, Paul, of Bil ton, Mason
Gardiner,Robert,of Old Felton [stranger]...
Shepherd, Thomas [appren- tice]
Burne, James [apprentice] ...
Neal, John, junr, [stranger]...
Carmichael, George [stranger]
Thompson, John [apprentice]
Thew, George, jun. [appren- tice]
Anderson, John, of Swarland [Mason] ...
Swanston, Matthew, of Aln- wick [stranger] ... Henderson, George. Visitor.
Mills, Thomas [apprentice] ..
Harrison, Thomas [appren- tice]
Armstrong, John [Mason] ...
Prest. ? dead.
Prest.
Master, P. Ward. 2,?. Ward.l,P.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Clerk, P.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest, Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Admit. P. Admit. P.
Ad. P. ?
Admit. P.
Admit. P.
Prest. Rule made
Prest.
Master, P. Ward.2,P. Ward.\,P.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Clerk, P.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Absent Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Absent.
Prest. 27th Dec, of dead Prest,
Prest Master, P. Ward.\,P. Ward.2,P.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Clerk, P.
? dead. Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. fined non-att. Resigned. Prest. Prest. Prest,
Prest. Prest.
fined non-att-
Prest.
Resigned.
? Prest 1750, about member.
? Prest.
? Prest. Mast.,? P. W. 1, ? P. W. 2, ? P.
? Prest.
? Prest. Clerk. ? P.
? Prest.
? dead ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
Notice "
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest.
Notice 2
? Prest.
? Prest. attending
? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest. Mast., ? P. W. 2, ? P. Notice 2
? Prest. Ward. ? P. CI. Notice
? dead. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. Notice 2
? Prest. ? Prest, P Prest.
Prest. Prest.
Notice '-
? Prest.
Ad. ? P.
Prest. funeral, etc.,
Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Master. Prest. Ward.2, Prest.
Prest.
? Absent
Ward.l, Prest.
Clerk. Prest.
? dead.
Prest. Prest. Prest,
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest, Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Admit. Prest.
Admit. Prest. Admit. Prest.
Admit. Prest.
1 Otherwise Yonns.
* Notice to attend and pay arrears.
12
Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge. 1754. 1755.
1756.
24th June. 27th Dec. 24th June. 29th Dec. 24th June.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12
13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 35
36
37
38 39
40
41
42
43
44 45 46 47
48
49
50
51 52
53
Robson, Roger, in Thropton . . .
Snowdon, George
Atkinson, Richd.
Yenns [?]Cuthbert} Bros, to the
Snowdon, Robert V assistance of
Anderson, William) said LodSe-
Anderson, John
Hudson, Robert
Hoy, Thomas ...
Vardy, Andrew
Mills, Matthew
Anderson, Thomas
Mills, Patrick
Carrington, Robert ... Harrison, Thomas [publican] James, Jonathan
Harrison, Robert Brown, Nicholas
Stokoe, Edward
Lindsey, George
Thew, George ["stranger"]
Cuthbertson, Daniel [? Mason]
Shepherd, Robert [apprentice]
Hiam, John [? Fram]
Elliott, HeDry
Robinson, Michael [apprentice]
ffordy, Cuthbert [do.] ? Hardy
Henderson, John [stranger]
Allen, William [do.] ...
Moor, John [do,] ...
Woodhouse, Thomas...
Vardy, James [appi-entice] ...
Athey, Thos. [do.] or Attey
Balmborough, Wm. [? Mason]
Stephenson, Thos. [? do.] ...
Walker, Robt. [? do.] ...
Willoughby, Wm. [apprentice]
Hunter, Andrew [do.] ...
Walker, Geo. [stranger]
Davidson, Thos. of Alnwick Mason [? apprentice]
Young, James, do. [stranger]
Nealson, John of Felton, Mason [? apprentice]
Roberts, Thomas of Alnwick [stranger] ...
Yonow, Cuthbert, of Wandylaw [? Mason] ? Young
Muckell, Thomas [? Mason] ...
Hudson, Thomas, of Alnwick Mason
Hudson, John, of Alnwick [apprentice]
Renwick, Paul, of Bilton, Mason
Gardiner, Robert, of Old Felton [stranger] ...
Shepherd, Thomas [appren- tice]
Burne, James [apprentice] ...
Neal, John, junr. [stranger]
Uarmichael, George [stranger]
Thompson, John [apprentice]
Thew, George, jun. [appren- tice]
Anderson, John, of Swarland [Mason]
Swanston, Matthew of Aln- wick [stranger] ...
Mills, Thomas [apprentice] ...
Harrison, Thomas [appren- tice]
Armstrong, John [Mason] ...
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Master, P.
Ch.TF.l.P.
Absent Absent
? dead. Ch.TF.2,P.
Prest. Prest.
Prest. Notice Ab Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Act.as CI.,
[P. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Admit. P. Admit. P.
Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Master, P.
Ward.l,P. Clerk, P.
Ward.2,Y. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Act.as CI.,
[P-
Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Admit. P. Admit. P.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Master, P. Ch. 27 Dec.
Ward. 1 ,P.
Ward.2,P. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Act. as CI.. [P-
Prest.
Prest.
Prest.
Prest. Prest. Prest. Prest. Admit. P.
Admit. P.
? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
Master,??. Ward.l,?P.
Ward.2,?P. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. P Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest.
F Prest.
? Prest.
dead.
? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest.
Admit.PP.
Admit.PP.
? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. P Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest.
Mast. ? P. Writes as Clerk in 1757.
Ward. 1,?P
Ward.2,?P
? Prest.
? Prest. sick. ? Prest. ? Prest.
? Prest. ? Prest. grtly indispsd
? Prest.
Proxy P.
? Prest.
? Prest.
Proxy P.
? Prest. Proxy P.
P Prest.
? Prest.
P Prest. ? Prest. P Prest. Proxy P. ? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest.
? Prest. Ad. ? P.
Ad. ? P. Ad. ? P.
pd.ana/cl757
pd. 1/6 in 1757
pd. ana/c 1757
111 June-Dec, 1757.
pd. 1/6 in 1757
Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
13
OFFICERS.
1749.
John Anderson, Master Thomas H
Robert H
udson, )
1750. Thomas Hoy, Master.
Robert Hudson, Matthew Mills,
Wardens.
Wardens.
1751. Matthew Mills, Master.
> Wardens.
Patrick Mills, Thos. Anderson
1752. Thos. Anderson, Master.
Patrick Mills, } W d
Robert Carrington, j
1753. Patrick Mills, Master.
Thomas Harrison, ) w l Robert Carrington, j
1754. Robert Carington, Master.
Jonathan James, "I w •. # George Thew, / Wardens-
1755. Jonathan James, Master.
Nicholas Brown, | Wardeng> George Thew, )
1756. Nicholas Brown, Master.
George Thew, Daniel Cuthbertson
.}
Wardens.
Chosen
27 Dec,
1748.
Chosen
25 June,
1750.
Chosen
27 Dec,
1750.
Chosen
24 June,
1752.
Chosen
27 Deer.,
1752.
Chosen 27 Dec, 1753.
24 June, 1754.
Chosen
27 Deer.,
1754.
Chosen
?27 Dec,
1755.
Nicholas Brown, Clerk. 1749-56.
Thomas Muckel, assisted, 1754-55.
John Moor, " Secretary." 27th Dec, 1749.
* Robert Harrison and Nicholas Brown were chosen Wardens on the 27th Dec, 1753 ; they did not serve. James and Thew were chosen in their places.
14 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
The Secretary read the following comments received from Bro. E. Conder, jun., W.M. —
The thanks of all students of Craft history during the first half of the- eighteenth century, are justly due to Bro. Rylands for the very important rendering of the entry dated 27th December, 1748, in the Alnwick MS.
This entry which up to now has occasioned little or no interest, at once becomes the most important item in the whole MS.
In his usual concise and clear method of argument Bro. Rylands has, I consider, made out his case.
The antiquity of the speculative Lodge at Alnwick must in future date from 1748, and not from "time immemorial," and the use of the power to "erect" a new Lodge by Freemasons independently of Grand Lodge at so late a date as 1748, must be conceded.
The most convincing point is the fact, now proved by the list of members with their attendances, that the six brethren called in to " erect " the new Lodge never again attended.
December the 27th. 1748, fell upon a Tuesday, and before the end of the week a number of Rules were made, and new officers were elected, shewing clearly that the visiting brethren (if I may so term them) acted as founders of a neio Speculative Lodge, and were complimented for their services by being made honorary members, described by the Clerk, Nicholas Brown, as " made ffree Brothers."
Considering that nearly fifty years had elapsed since some brethren bearing the same christian and surnames as some of those taking part in the proceedings under notice had signed the rules of the Operative Lodge, I can only conclude thej were Masons of a previous generation, most likely fathers or perhaps uncles : it being a well- known fact that in the north of England the eldest son takes his father's name, the second that of the uncle.
I cannot believe any members who signed the rules in 1701, or in 1708, could have assisted in 1748, although it is possible: consequently I am not surprised to find the meeting being held at the house of Thomas Harrison.
Bro. Rylands is to be congratulated upon the light he has thrown on these interesting minutes. Although we may regret the disappearance of so cherished a landmark as the existence of a Speculative Lodge document, dating from 1701, yet, as students of history and seekers after truth, we can all join in the hearty vote of thanks to our brother, who has by his able contribution to our Transactions placed the Alnwick Lodge Minutes in a sounder position for future reference than has hitherto been the case.
Edward Conder, Jun., W.M.
From Bro. Dr. W. J. Chetwode Crawley, P.G.D. Ireland. —
There seems no difficulty in accepting Bro. W. H. Rylands' interpretation of the Alnwick Records. The difficulty seems rather to be in providing some comforting explanation w7hy nobody appreciated the evidence till now. For the printed version of the Alnwick MS. has been before us for five years.
When Cuthbert of the Ineffable Name and his comrades came to the assistance of the Lodge, they did no more than comply with the terms of their obligation as inter- preted by the Grand Lodge of the Antients. We have grown so accustomed to restrict- ing the appellation " Lodge Summons" to the notice sent round before every communi- cation to each member of a Lodge, that we quite forget the difficulty, and in many cases the impossibility of serving such notices in the early days of Speculative Freemasonry. Nor was such a notice needed. The days of meeting were laid down in the Bylaws of each Lodge, and each member was bound to attend on the Lodge-night under penalty
Discussion. 15
of some small fine. What, then, was the summons to which the obligation bound the Freemason to attend? It was just such a summons as is implied in the present instance. The Brethren at Alnwick were unable to " work " for want of sufficient number and adequate knowledge. They required the assistance from Brethren at a distance, and under the terms of their obligation those Brethren were bound to come.
After the reorganization of the Lodge in 1748, the clerk scrupulously adheres to the phraseology of the older minutes. Although we know the Lodge to have been at work from 1749 to 1756, the Clerk makes no mention of "Master Mason or Fellow Craft." Nevertheless, the Brethren succeed to the post of Warden, and are pro- moted, or " chosen," Master in due course. It is inconceivable that the reorganized Lodge should not have been influenced by the development of the methods of the sur- rounding Lodges : else why the reorganization ? This is confirmed by the presence of at least one visitor, who came from a Lodge known to have beeu working under the new system. It would follow, then, that the non-mention of Degrees must not be construed into their non-existence.
It is disheartening to reflect that in the year of grace 1895, the phrase, " The Lodge erected as follows " proved so unintelligible as to seem to require emendation. To erect a Lodge is the authorised and time-honoured formula to denote the foundation of a New Lodge of Freemasons. It is so employed in the earliest Lodge Charters (or Warrants, as they are styled nowadays) ever issued by any Grand Lodge. The very first of them opens as follows :
" Whereas our Trusty and Well-beloved Brothers have
besought Us that We would be pleas'd to Erect a Lodge of Free Masons,"
etc., etc.
Warrant of Lodge No. 1, G.L. Ireland, \st February, 1731-2.
Thus sanctioned by authority, and approved by usage, the phrase held the field among English-speaking Freemasons at home and abroad during the half-century that preceded the Union of 1813, and still remains a constitutional formula among the Grand Lodges that derived from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, or from its step-daughter, the Grand Lodge of the Antients. In view of such un familiarity with the documents that embody the history of our organisation, it is well to bear in mind that in 1748 there were no Lodge Charters in existence, save those issued under the seal of the Grand Lodge of Ireland. Several years had to elapse before the Irish practice, now universal, was followed by the Grand Lodge of England.
The feat accomplished by Bro. Rylands in restoring the records and establishing
the reorganization of the Lodge at Alnwick reminds us of the Classical recensions that
marked the Renaissance of Learning. If he could do these things without even seeing
the original, is it not worth our while to induce the custodians to let him have a sight
of the MS. ?
W. J. Chetwode Crawley.
From Bro. J. T. Thorp.—
All Masonic students should thank Bro. Rylands for calling attention to the minutes of the old Lodge at Alnwick, especially when he has such interesting infor- mation to bring forward. 1 quite agree with him, that a full facsimile of the MS. would have been far more useful than the letterpress reproduction published in 1895, but one has to be thankful for what one can get.
The manner in which the minutes are jumbled together in the original makes it very difficult to obtain a clear idea of them, so that Bro. Rylands' paper will be of con- siderable assistance in properly understanding and estimating the MS.
16 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
When the reproduction was published I spent some little time over its examina- tion, and was quite under the impression that the minutes from December 27th, 1748, onwards, recorded a revival or resuscitatien of the old Lodge. But after reading Bro. Ry lands' paper I certainly incline to the opinion that there were two separate and distinct Lodges, the earlier portion of the MS. referring to the old operative Lodge, and the later portion, from 1748, being the minutes of one newly formed.
The word " erected," — "elected" is certainly an error of transcription — is still commonly used in Scotland and elsewhere to describe the foundation of a new Lodge, and a very appropriate word it is. Its use in this instance seems to prove that these later minutes do not record a revival of the old Lodge, but the establishment of an entirely fresh organization.
The character of the 1748 Lodge, whether it was operative or speculative, is not so easy to determine. Bro. Rylands thinks it was speculative, and it is quite probable he is right. Several of the rules seem to confirm this view, viz. : —
" The Meetings to be held on the St. John's Days."
" No one to be admitted under the age of 21."
"The admission to the Lodge as Members, of 'other persons and strangers not serving a Due apprenticeship.' "
And also the reception as a visitor of a Brother who is known not to have been an operative.
There seems to be nothing in the MS. to show whether the later speculative (?) Lodge was held in connection with the older operative Lodge, or whether it was entirely distinct and separate. That the operative Lodge still existed may reasonably be inferred, from the reference to " apprentices that shall offer to be admitted into ye sd Lodge after serving due apprenticeship." Is any information obtainable on this point ?
Most of the minutes of the second Lodge, with the exception of the first two meetings, begin, " At a meeting of the Society of the said Lodge, etc., etc.," the use of both the words " Society " and " Lodge " in this opening sentence is peculiar, and I think very unusual. Is there in this case any particular significance in their use ?
Jno. T. Thorp.
From Bro. W. J. Hughan, P.G.D. —
I am exceedingly pleased with the interesting paper on the " Alnwick Lodge Minutes," by Bro. W. H. Rylands ; and consider that his very suggestive remarks on these old Records will help us the better to rightly appreciate and value such important registers of early meetings of the Fraternity. It is vexatious to find that the typogra- phical reproductions of these meetings, published in 1895, are not so accurate as we had been led to believe ; but there is one thing to rejoice in, and that is the copy of the " Old Charges," with the " Orders " of 1701, and a number of signatures thereto, marks, ete., are all in facsimile.
It may interest the members to know how I first became acquainted with this valuable Minute Book, dating from 1701, the earliest of the kind preserved in England.
In 1870, several of us had a discussion in the Freemason as to the antiquity of the Craft, and in the number for November 12th appeared a short communication from " E.T.T., 1167," in support of my views, with an extract respecting the wearing of Aprons in 1708, from the "Minutes of the Warkworth and Alnwicke Lodge in his possession." Of course I wrote at once about this valuable find, and on November 26th, the owner (the late Bro. Edwin Thew Turnbull,) wrote from Alnwick thanking me for my interest in the matter, and saying " I prefer that Bro. Hughan should himself
Discussion. 1 7
examine the records, and give the Craft his valuable opinion thereon," which exactly suited me.
To my horror, however, the volume was sent me by book post, with a piece of common brown paper wrapped round it ! I need not say that, after full particulars of its character were given by me in the Freemason for January 21st, 1871, the precious document was returned in a different manner.
The suggestion of Bro. Rylands that the meeting of 27th December, 1748, was convened for the purpose of holding " a Lodge of Accepted or Speculative Masons " does not wholly commend itself to me. The records of other Lodges of a similar character prove that unless for the conferring of the degrees of Speculative Masonry, any ordinary assembly could be utilized for Craft purposes, as with the York Lodge and others. There is no mention of Degrees, and nothing in the minutes to indicate any work differing from the usual.
I believe the word is " erected" as Bro. Rylands states, and to my mind the entry means that there was a special Lodge held at the date mentioned, to preside over which Bro. Roger Robson was "chosen Master," and Snowdon and Atkinson acted as Wardens, the eight names at the right hand being those made "ffree Brothrs " and the others being members previously.
These Records never allude to degrees, as they would likely do, had the modern ceremonies or additions been known to the members.
Following the lead of Bro. Rylands and remembering tbat on the 24th June, 1749, Bro. Nich. Brown was paid a guinea for " writing the Constitutions and two attend- ances," it seems likely that some of the brethren admitted on the 27th December, 1748, or who attended, were founders of another Lodge not far from Alnwick. Bro. Rylands' paper requires and deserves very careful consideration, as his suggestion may yet be proved to be correct, though at present I am unable to fully accept it.
W. J. Huqhan.
Bro. G. W. Speth said : — Bro. Rylands has put an entirely new complexion on the meaning of the Alnwick Minutes. It is curious that what now appears so obvious should have escaped the attention of all of us for all these years, until brought to our notice in consequence of the more careful reading of the evidence by Bro. Rylands. But once pointed out to us, there can be no hesitation in asserting that a revolution of some sort did take place at Alnwick on the 27th December, 1748.
On that date certain individuals who had never previously attended the Lodge, so far as we know, and who never attended again, were called in to the assistance of the Lodge, and even occupied the chairs : and certain brethren who were already mem- bers under the former regime, together with still others who were not so, were "made free brothers of this Lodge." This bare statement of the facts, divested of all detail, proves incontestably that the new organisation differed from the old one, the only doubt is as to wherein the difference lay.
A few remarks in supplement of our Brother's paper may be permitted me. The case of John Anderson is puzzling. As Bro. Rylands points out, he subscribed the roll either in 1701, or very shortly after, his name being among the first. Of this roll we have a facsimile, and his signature is undoubtedly an autograph. This is certainly the John Anderson who was Master in 1710. Near the end of the same roll appears a John Anderson, and he is bracketed with Allexander Gradon, and the date 17th July, 1713, is placed against their names. Now, if these last signatures are autographs, then the two Andersons are distinct, probably father and son, as Bro. Rylands assumes.
18 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
But I doubt their being really signatures : both names appear to be written by the same clerkly hand. A possible reading is that this records the date of their once more serving as wardens. If it indicates, as Bro. Rylands thinks, the date of their admission, then we have father and son. In support of his reading there is the fact that in an enigmatical minute referring to the year 1735, the purport of which is impossible to explain, we meet for the first and only time two John Andersons in one eutry, one with- out a date affixed, the other followed by "ye 13 [July] 1735." But it is quite conceivable that both entries refer to one and the same John. We meet the name of John Anderson in every minute, I think almost without exception, from 1701 to 1755, not only as member and Master of the old Lodge, but as one of the special members admitted the night of the great transformation, and later on as Master of the new organisation. It is not impossible that he was the John Anderson of 1701, who might then have been just out of his articles and about 21 years old, bringing him to 76 when we last meet him : and even if it were his son, who was admitted in 1713, also at the age of 21, he would be 63 years old. But I am not convinced that there were two John Andersons, although I admit the possibility. The case of John Bell, who appears in the same list with the date "May 22 1716 " attached to his name, rather strengthens this view, because unless we have here again duplicate names, it cannot mean his admission, as he is given in a previous minute of 1703. I believe it means the date of serving the wardenship.
Longevity, but not of a phenominal nature, appears to have been the rule in this Lodge. Another instance is that of Patrick Mills, made free on December 27th, 1706, present at almost every recorded meeting, a participant in the Reformation of 1748, and last named in 1755.
In the roll, 1701-1722 appears a shockingly bad specimen of handwriting, which Bro. Rylands reads, correctly, as it seems to me, as Cuthbert Chrisp. If so, the final " p " is placed above the line, for want of room. But the editors of the transcript have suggested that the name is Young. The aforesaid " p " might easily be read as an initial " Y," it is true, but it would be important to know whether the editors had any other reason for their suggestion than the fact that the only other Cuthbert we meet is probably, but not certainly, named Young. They seem to think that the Chrisp is a distorted repetition of Cuthbert. Now Cuthbert Yenns (again the editors suggest Young, probably correctly this time) was one of the "Bros to the assistance of the said Lodge " in December 1748, and in June 1751 a Cuthbert Yonow is admitted a member on paying 5/- fee. In the same minute his name is transcribed Yonows, and in December Youns, and in December 1752, Cuthbert Yonns is "declared off." I cannot help thinking that Yenns, Yonow, Youns, are all the same individual, and that his name was Young. Only an inspection of the original minutes, as we have no facsimile given us, could decide the question. If there is any connection with the earliest Cuthbert Chrisp or Young, this would explain why he only paid 5/- on admission in 1751, but it is my only reason for suspecting any such connection, as otherwise the reading Chrisp quite satisfies me.
The new rules made in 1748 fix fees for admission as follows : an apprentice who had served his time, 10s. (altered next year to 6s. 8d.) ; " all other persons and strangers " (which I take to mean non-masons and masons from elsewhere)1 17s. 6d., afterwards altered to 13s. 4d. Now from this time forth we find numerous admissions, always with the fee of 6s. 8d., or 13s. 4d., except in the following cases. S. Stokoe, Gf.
1 The accounts show instances of new members, described as Masons, and charged the full 13s. 4d.
Discussion. 19
Lindsay, D. Cuthbertson, W. Balmborough, Tbos. Stephenson, Robert Walker, Cuthbert Yonow (or Young), T. Muckell, Thos. Hudson and J. Armstrong, and these ten all paid 5s. You will see there is no provision for a 5/- fee in the rules. Cuthbertson was a musician, and received a fee for each attendance, and we can understand his being let off cheaply. Balmborough was an old member of the Operative Lodge, he signed before 1706. Thomas Hudson's name occurs in the memorandum of 1735, therefore another member. Rt. Walker does not previously occur, but a Walker was made free on the 20th January, 1708/9, and although he is subsequently cited as Ph. Walker, I incline to think that Rt. is a misreading for Ph., or vice versa. If so, here we have another old member. There was no George Lindsey, possibly another misreading, in the old organisation, but there was a John Lindsey in 1710. Without the actual MS. before us, or a facsimile of it, it is impossible to estimate how far the editors have been correct in their reading of signatures. So that we have certainly some of the former members here, and possibly others, in all six ; add to this Cuthbertson, and it only leaves three at 5s. to account for; and I think we shall not risk much in assuming that they also were old members whose names do not happen to occur in the fragmentary minutes left to us.
It is interesting to note that we do not find all the old members joining the new Lodge, and that some of those who did join did not do so until several years afterwards, such as Balmborough. The circumstances as a whole -remind me very much of the Masons' Company Lodge : there was a Speculative Lodge according to the newer methods, unconnected with trade, within an old Operative Lodge which was only slightly speculative, and existed principally for trade purposes. In the minutes after 1748 we find not a single operative entry, except once in 1751 and 1752, the entering of apprentices, and I suspect this belongs really to the Operative Lodge : we have merely the fact recorded here and there, that such and such a new member was an apprentice out of his indentures. But the old operative organisation must ha.ve existed side by side with the new, as its apprentices were being constantly admitted on completion of their time, and were more of the minutes preserved to us, we might have learnt much more.
I am doubtful whether the Constitutions which the clerk was paid for writing out, are really a fresh copy of the Old Charges. I believe it to be rather the laws and regulations as agreed upon in 1748. His fee was to be 5s. each attendance, these minutes occupy two meetings, and he was paid 10s. for his trouble, which agrees. They still had the old copy, what did they want a new one for ? By-laws were often called Constitutions, those of Grand Lodge are so-called to this day.
I have already occupied so much time that 1 am almost reluctant to call the attention of the brethren to the earlier or operative minutes. Yet there are some very curious points. We find that the apprentices must receive their charge from their Master within one year, and further that after they had served their seven years, they may be "admitted or accepted," but only on Michaelmas day. Surely this indicates two ceremonies of some sort, call them degrees or what you will. And the stipulation that their admission as fellows is only to be on the Feast of St. Michael, which from Rule No. 1 is evidently the head-meeting day of the Lodge, is in curious conformity with the earliest rules of the Grand Lodge of England. The apprentices at Alnwick were admitted at any time, the fellows only on the head-meeting day, or, as it was elsewhere called, the General Assembly. After 1717 in Grand Lodge, any Lodge could make an apprentice at any time, but according to Rule XIII., only Grand Lodge could mako fellows. Now Grand Lodge admittedly stood in place of the former General Assemblies.
20 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
Rule 12 is hard to construe, bat I am inclined to think it points to the difference between Free Masons and Guild or Company Masons to which I referred in a previous paper read before this Lodge. It reads : " Itni Thatt noe Fellow or Fellowes within this Lodge shall att any time or times call or hold Assemblys to make any Mason or Masons free: Nott Acquainting the Mastr or Wardens therewith." This cannot apply to their own apprentices out of their time, as there was a special rule for that, just quoted : it can therefore only apply to Guild or Company Masons wandering from some other city who were not Free Masons. The Alnwick Lodge was evidently not a guild but as it styles itself in the preamble to these laws, " a Fellowship of Free Masons."
Rule 13 is also noteworthy. " Itm Thatt noe Rough Layers or any other thatt has not served their time, or admitted Masons, shall work within the Lodge any work of Masonry whatsoever (Except under a Mastr)." The italics are mine. It is evident that the Lodge was an actual building, where work could be carried on, but it was as evidently not the workshop of some particular building under construction, but from the very terms of the article, must have been a sort of joint workshop for any mason in Alnwick, where he could carry on his own special job, provided always that he was an admitted Freemason.
In conclusion I desire only to point out that external influence seems to have been felt very soon after these rules were drawn up in 1701, because as early as 1706 we find the head-meeting day of St. Michael allowed to lapse, and its place taken by the more usual feasts of St. John, in June and December, on which occasions the officers were elected and the sermon preached, etc.
If some Brother with time on his hands would do for Alnwick what Bro. Rylands accomplished for Chester and Warrington, i.e., find out by wills and other docu- ments the social position and standing of the names mentioned in these interesting records, our power of appreciating their importance might be considerably increased.
Bro. J. W. Horsley thought we were arguing very much in the dark about matters whereon it would be easy to shed light. Why should we remain in doubt about the true reading of names or sequence of minutes when it might be possible to obtain the loan of the actual manuscript and thus clear the road for reasoning based upon sound premisses ?
Bro. Hamon le Strange asked whether the enigmatical Yonows, Younns, etc., might not be a misreading for "younger" ?
Bro. Purdon Clarke expressed his appreciation of the labour involved in writing this paper : nothing was more perplexing than to co-ordinate matter which had been erratically bound up, or than to make sure of personalities whose very names had to be guessed at. He had great pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to Bro. Rylands.
The vote was seconded in a few words by Bro. Goldney, and carried by acclama- tion.
In reply, Bro. W. H. Rylands said : —
Firstly, may I be allowed to state that having neither the time nor the oppor- tunity, I made no attempt to edit this Ms., and only brought forward such notes as were required to call attention to various points connected with my suggestion as to the meaning of the minutes during and after the year 1748. I may mention also that my
Reply to Discussion. 21
notes were purposely kept very closely within certain limits, as I thought the subject was of sufficient importance to require full and free discussion.
It is a pleasure to me to express my thanks to those brethren who have so kindly added remarks and joined in the discussion. And I am happy to think that my notes have called forth a number of separate points which assist materially in the proper understanding of the Ms. itself.
It is impossible not to agree with Bro. Horsley, that we are arguing very much in the dark ; this has been my feeling from the beginning : with so much confusion and so much uncertainty many questions cannot be decided without the light that would be given by the original Ms.
At the very entrance on the subject, we are met by the question, Is the Ms. the fragments of one book or two ? One belonging to the operative body, and the other the records of a speculative Lodge. The size of the page, the quality and marks of the paper would probably help to decide this at once.
If it is the fragments of only one book, which I very much doubt, then one set of minutes was written at one end, and the other at the other end. This also could perhaps be decided by the paper. If it contains the fragments of two sets of minutes, at once several questions of importance arise : for example, the Constitutions are probably written by the same hand that penned the Operative Rules, and these rules are dated September, 1701. They are signed and agreed to by a number of those present : it is however impossible to fix the place where the names of those present end, and the later additions begin. The next date met with is a " freedom " on December, the 27th, 1706.
It may, therefore, be fairly concluded that the copy of the Constitutions belonged to the operative portion of the book.
If there were two books it is easy to understand that the Speculative Lodge would also require a copy of the Constitutions to be in their possession.
It has been suggested by Bro. Hughan that the copy for which Nicholas Brown, the Clerk, was paid might be required for still another Lodge in the neighbourhood of Alnwick. Also Bro. Speth suggests that the payment to Browne was not for copying out the " Mason' Constitutions," but for writing out records and minutes of the constitution or " erection " of the Lodge.
In the first place, it is more natural to suppose that the " Constitutions" were required by the newly-erected Lodge at Alnwick : Browne was paid one guinea, this included two attendances at five shillings each, and eleven shillings for writing the Constitutions. It must not be forgotten that the five shillings for attendance were paid no doubt for writing the minutes, and besides this he had " all perquisites for admittance," i.e., for the admittance of new members. These were my reasons for contending that the eleven shillings were given to the Clerk for writing out the Masons' Constitutions.
One or two of the corrections in the copy that has survived are worth noting : the copyist did not at first read the words correctly from the Ms. he was transcribing. Page 7, "Beheast" (Land of Behest) has been wrongly corrected in the margin to " Bless " : page 5, " take " has been corrected into " give," and page 10, " Statutes " into " faultes."
Bro. Speth opens up the very interesting question, what was the operative Lodge? In my opinion wherever minutes of meetings are found, they record the meetings of the general body of the Lodge who met together to transact business, and
22 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
not for operative purposes. The use of the words " the Lodge" is not uncommon in the Ms. copies of the Constitutions, and must, I think, be understood rather generally than particularly.
This naturally leads to the two operative rules which Bro. Speth has pointed out: and has printed in full, so I need not repeat them here. No. 12 is, I think, only an altered form of the rule in the Ms. Constitutions which orders, following the text of the Alnwick Constitutions, " that noe Master or ffellows take noe allowance to be made Master [Mason] without the Assent of his ffellows and thatt att the Least five or six." That is to say, that no authority or imagined permission was to be unlawfully used or seized upon to make a man a mason. This, the correct interpretation of the old phrase is substantiated by Harl. Ms. No. 1942, in which the 15th rule reads, "You shall not take upon you to make any one Mason without the privity and consent of five or six of your ffellowes." The Sloane Ms. No. 3848 reads : " 5. Also that noe Mr nor fellowe take allowance to be made Mason wtbout ye asent of his fellowes y* [that] at the least five or sixe." This is repeated in the Antiquity Ms. (Hughan's Old Charges, 1872, page 67.) In the ordinary copies of the Old Charges this Rule occurs among those headed, " Rehearse I will other Charges singular for Masters and Fellows." It is particularly to be noticed that " Robert Padgett, Clearke to the worshipfull Society of the ffree-Masons of the City of London," took the opportunity of slipping in at almost the only possible place a mention of the Accepted Masons, and altered the usual heading as follows, " Now will I Rehearse Other Charges Single ffor Masons Allowed or Accepted." In the twin copy called the Col. Clerke Ms. this interpolation does not occur.
Rule 5 (Alnwick) provides that all apprentices are to be properly "entered," and this Rule 12 provides that apprentices shall not be made and that they shall not receive their freedom unless formally done with the knowledge of the Master and Wardens. Perhaps the greatest difficulty the heads of such organisations had to contend against was, the clandestine employment of Apprentices, and the giving of their freedom. Whenever either was done, besides destroying the control over the trade, it was always a loss to the Company or Incorporation ; that of granting the freedom being the heavier of the two, Masons like others did it, of course, in order ta avoid paying the fees.
I cannot help thinking that Rules 5 and 12 were intended to prevent this, and to apply to any Apprentice.
Bro. Speth suggests that this cannot be so because the same Rule (12) is covered by No. 9, which provides for the freedom of an Apprentice being granted only on the Feast of St. Michael, but the Rule No. 9 only specifies the fee to be paid for properly giving the freedom, six shillings and eightpence ; whereas Rule No. 12 states the amount of fine to be paid for breaking the Rule No. 9, viz., £3 6s. 8d.
I quite agree with Bro. Speth, there were two ceremonies, the first that of- entering the Apprentice, when the Old Charges were read over to him : and the other that of freedom of the guild when it is perhaps natural to suppose that the attention of the Apprentice out of his time, was called at least to " The Charges which belong only to Masters and Fellows."
The other Rule to which Bro. Speth calls attention, is No. 13. I cannot quite agree that this Rule is intended to refer to a joint workshop, for any Mason to carry on work in. It seems to me that the Rule is an altered form of the Rule in the Old Charges (Alnwick Ms. page 14) " Alsoe that noe Mason sett any Layer within a Lodge or without to Hew or Mould stones, with no mould of his own makeing." The word
Reply to Discussion. 23
"the" being used in the Alnwick Rule in the place of "a," would not present any difficulty, as, to take one example, the Lansdowne Ms. Rule 13, reads, "nor* Sett no Lowen [to] worke within the Lodge nor without to no Mould Stone."
One interesting point with regard to the minute (p. 32) entered under the date the 20th of January, 1708 [? 1709] : it states that the meeting was a true and perfect Lodge kept at Alnwick at the house of Mr. Thomas Davison, then one of the wardens of the same Lodge. Thomas Davidson signs the original Rules as Warden in 1701 : was chosen "Warden in 1707 : he attended in December, 1708: was Warden as above in 1709, and was chosen the Master in 1710. This is the only reference beyond the place Alnwick, that occurs in the minutes. The Thomas Davidson, of Alnwick, who joined the Speculative Lodge in 1751, payed the fees (6s. 8d.) of an apprentice. This was forty-one years after Thomas Davidson (senior) was the master of the Operative Lodge.
I cannot but agree with Bro. Speth that the Rule of the Grand Lodge about the making of Masters or Fellows in the Grand Lodge, like some others, was distinctly a survival of the Operative Rules. It was a necessary rule among the Operative Masons, for the protection of both the Guild and the trade : it became useless however under the Speculative Government, and was, therefore, abandoned.
Bro. Thorp as well as Bro. Speth call attention to the heading of the minutes of the Speculative Lodge, " At a Meeting of the Society of the said Lodge." It does present some little difficulty : and might perhaps be used as a proof that the Lodge erected in December, 1748, was held under the wing of the Operative Lodge : I think, however, that this is a very doubtful explanation.
In December, 1748, it is a " Lodge " that was erected : Brothers are called in to the assistance "of the said Lodge:" and in the Rules made afterwards "for the better regulating the ffree Masonry," the words, "said Society," " this Society " occur several times. On page 35 of the printed text it is " Ordered that the subscriptions shall be paid into the said Lodge:" and again, " Ordered that none shall be admitted into the said Lodge under the age of 21 or above 40." On page 36, in the Rule referring to the widows of deceased members the words " Society " and " Lodge " appear to be used indiscriminately. It seems to me therefore that the word Society in the sentence, " the Society of the said Lodge " means the society or company, referring to the members themselves collectively, and not to the Institution.
The weight of Bro. Hughan's opinion on matters connected with the minutes of Lodges compels me to consider his remarks very carefully. I fear however that he slightly misapprehends me : my contention is not that the meeting of December, 1748, was convened to hold a Lodge of Accepted Masons : but that it was held to erect or found one. And the use of the word " erected," the election of officers: the calling in of strangers, " to the assistance of the Lodge :" the fact that none of these appeared again : that as Bro. Conder points out, within the week, i.e., on the Saturday following, new Officers were chosen from the members of the newly-erected Lodge : new Rules "for the better regulating the ffree Masonry were made at the same meeting:" all these to my mind point directly to the fact that it was not a revival or re-organisation : nor was it a simply a " Special Lodge " as Bro. Hughan contends, called for the purpose of making Masons.
The question of the meaning of the word " erected " has been so admirably and completely supported by Bro. Dr. Crawley, that it is quite unnecessary to write any more on the subject.
24 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
I confess I do not quite understand the sentence in Bro. Hughan's remarks, beginning " The records of other Lodges," etc., and can only say in reply, that to my knowledge there is no entry at all similar to this one found at Alnwick, in any other Lodge minutes, taking its [place among the ordinary minutes of a Lodge, whether operative or speculative.
The minutes of Alnwick after and including the meeting of December the 27th, 1748, differ entirely, and in most essential particulars from those earlier minutes which I believe to be the minutes of the Operative Lodge. For example, except the one minute of the 20th of January, 1708, about going to church, the operative minutes do little more than record the election of the officers, and the fines for misdemeanors. There is no mention of any one having been apprenticed, no mention of freedoms, and no mention of any one having been admitted a member. Neither is there anything approaching to an account of money received and paid away.
The Speculative minutes on the contrary are full of the accounts of money both received and paid ; they contain repeated mentions as I have already said of the admittance of members : in fact, they closely, nay almost exactly, resemble the minutes- of well-known Speculative Lodges.
The various Rules or orders made in the Speculative Lodge, as well as the minutes, preclude the possibility of the "admission" of any one being interpreted as another mode of expressing the entering of an Apprentice, or of an Apprentice taking up his freedom, and becoming a fellow, The action of the 27th of December, 1748, could not, therefore, be either a revival or resusicitation of the Operative Lodge.
All this in my opinion, proves clearly the character of the Lodge erected in 1748, and if it was not, as Bro. Hughan suggests, what I am satisfied it was, then I would put the question, what was it ?
Bro. Hughan also lays some stress on the fact that " degrees " are not mentioned in the minutes : it cannot however be overlooked that in the first meeting of the Lodge the entry occurs that a certain number of persons " were made free Brothers of this said Lodge :" as also that at almost every meeting, members were " admitted." There were fifty-three members on the list during the year 1748 and the first portion of 1756, twelve became free brothers at the first meeting, and it is almost incredible that the remaining forty-one were all Speculative Masons before they were admitted members of the Lodge.
I cannot help agreeing with Dr. Crawley that the absence of any more explicit mention of degrees proves nothing.
Again Bro. Hughan urges that the Lodge was already formed, and that only the eight names at the right hand were made Free Brothers,1 and that the other were previously members. I hardly think this can be the case, because the entry is headed, "we whose names are hereunder subscribed," and it is to be noticed that Thomas Hoy, whose name is in the left hand column, among those names Bro. Hughan suggests were already members of the Lodge, and he evidently signed, as he made "his mark."
With regard to the duplication of certain names, I cannot help thinking that Bro. Speth raises an unnecessary difficulty in disputing the probable existence of two
1 Bro. Gould, in his "History," takes another view (Yol. n., p. 267). " It must not escapo our recollection, that the Alnwick Lodge never surrendered its independence, and, moreover, from first to last, was an operative rather than a speculative fraternity. Indeed, that it was speculative at all, in the sense either of possessing members who were not operative masons, or of discarding its ancient formulary, for the ceremonial of Grand Lodge, is very problematical." And again (ib.) " December 27, 1748. — Three persons subscribe their names as having been ' made free Brothers ' of the Lodge, and their signatures are carefully distinguished from those of the Master, Wardens, and the twelve other members present, by the memorandum : ' Bros, to the assistance of the said Lodge.' "
Reply to Discussion. 25
men with the same name. There are two records, the first being the one I consider to be mainly the list of freedoms, and the other that dated the 15th of July, 1735. Both of these give two names John Anderson, and it is much easier and more natural to suppose that in both cases the entry is correct, and that as time went on there were two members of the same name, following as Bro. Conder points out, the ordinary custom of the northern counties. It seems to me also very unlikely, that in one single instance the names of the Wardens should be inserted among the list of members who on becoming Fellows gave in their adhesion to the Rules ; and it must be noticed that even if the names of John Anderson and Alexander Gordon in the first record are not signatures, though I think they are, it is of little consequence who wrote them : they occur among the other names entered in exactly the same manner ; first the date and then the name, the only difference being that two names in this instance are bracketed together.
Whatever difficulty exists in identifying each of the two members, it is clear that a full facsimile would most likely remove it at once.
I foresaw this difficulty, and one great reason that made me conclude that there must have been in many cases, two sets of men bearing the same name was the Rule, " that none shall be admitted into the said Lodge under the age of 21 and above 40." This, of course, might not apply to those who were admitted before the Rule was made, i.e., the twelve who were made Free Brothers when the Lodge was " erected," but it would seriously affect many of the other individuals. Suppose a most unlikely thing, that a Mason became free at the age of twenty-one years in the year 1729, he would be forty in 1748, and it must be remarked that no freedom occurs in the Ms. after August the 31st, 1722. Unless the rule was broken, beyond perhaps the first twelve names, not one other member known to us from the Operative Minutes could have been admitted into the Speculative Lodge.
One word about the various sums of money paid for admission. On the 24th of June, 1749, the door of the Lodge seems to have been opened to the Apprentices :
"Also notwithstanding the Orders made 31st Dec, 1748,
" It is now ordered that an apprentice shall now pay ... ... 6. 8
" Every person not serving [their apprenticeship] or Stranger to pay . . 13.- 4"
On the same day the following entries occur : —
" Received this day
" Edw. Stokoe [either subscription or fine] ... ... 5
" Geo. Lindssey [do. do. do. ] ... ... 5
" Admitted this day — ffees
" Geo. Thew [Stranger] .. ... ... ... 13. 4
" Danl. Cuthbertson [Mason and Musician] ... ... 5
" Robert Shepherd an Apprentice ... ... ... 6. 8"
It seemed to me that although the charge for the admittance of an Apprentice out of his articles, otherwise a Fellow, appears to have been fixed in the first instance at ten shillings, and no order made about the admittance of Apprentices, it was strange to find a charge for admittance of Fellows several times entered at five shillings. No Order was made fixing this amount.
1 have said that the fee for a Fellow appears to have been fixed at ten shillings because the Order seems to me to be unnecessarily confused. It reads as follows : —
26 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
" Its ordered that all apprentices that shall offer to be admitted into ye sd Lodge after serving due apprenticeship shall pay for such admittance ... ... ... ... ... 10 "
The order just quoted, that " an apprentice shall now pay 6. 8," may perhaps be taken not as opening the door of the Lodge to Apprentices, but as clearing the confusion from the previous order. I think the order of the 27th of December, 1748, was not intended to refer to Fellows, but to Apprentices, who could be admitted into the Specu- lative Lodge, and were not to pay any fee until after they had served due apprentice- ship. This order being likely to lead to confusion and trouble another was made, that the Apprentices should now pay a smaller amount for their admission, and this is immediately followed by the admission of an Apprentice, who paid 6s. 8d.
There still remains the admission fee of five shillings called attention to by Bro. Speth. I do not think with him that this was the fee charged to old members of the Operative Lodge who were not eligible, according to the rule as to the age of candidates. It seems to me that it is the fee paid by Masons who had already served their articles and were Fellows at the time they were admitted into the Speculative Lodge.
The fact that no order was made for the admission fee of the Fellows seems to attach itself to another interesting point raised by Bro. Speth. How far the Speculative Lodge of Alnwick was carried on like the Masons' Company Lodge of London, under the wing of the Operative organization ? One thing is clear at Alnwick, the money was kept quite distinct, and the Speculative Lodge was not financed, as in London, by the operative body. The Lodge in London seems to me not to have been what Dr. Anderson calls a " stated Lodge," but an "occasional" one; the Lodge at Alnwick met twice a year with great regularity on the two St. John's Days. There is very little doubt in my mind that the first members of the Alnwick Lodge, who were made ffree Brothers, belonged to the Operative body, and the fact that they admitted Masons whether Apprentices or Fellows at a lower fee than the non-Masons or strangers, seems to point to a possible connection, more or less intimate, between the two Lodges.
That the two Lodges were working at the same time is proved, besides the rule quoted by Bro. Thorp, by the admission of apprentices, and the second rule about their admission fees, as well as by the entry under the dates 1751 and 1752 of James Swan and Edward Robinson, being respectively bound apprentices to Patrick Mills and Michael Robinson.
In reply to Bro. le Strange's question about " Cuthbert of the Ineffable name," as Bro. Dr. Crawley so aptly calls him, Yonows, or Younns, might certainly be a mis- reading for younger. In the present case however, from a consideration of the minutes, I do not think it is so, but rather a mis-reading for Chrispor Young, the latter being suggested by the editors of the Newcastle reprint.
This reply has run to much greater length than I intended ; for an excuse I must plead the many interesting points raised in the discussion of my paper. I again thank those kind friends who have taken the trouble to consider the matter, and I can only regret that among them I do not find the name of Bro. Could, who, when writing his history, considered the Alnwick Ms. of sufficient importance to devote several pages to its consideration.
In the absence of the writer, the Secretary read the following paper : —
Transactions of the Qnatuor Coronati Lodge.
27
THE 47th PROPOSITION OF THE
1st BOOK OF EUCLID AS PART OF THE JEWEL OF A PAST MASTER.
BY BRO. THOMAS GREENE, LL.D.
Magenny, Kildare.
HE Jewel of the Past Master in Scotland consists of the Square, the Compasses, and an Arc of a Circle : — In Ireland of the Square and Compasses with the capital '• G " in the centre: — In England for 85 years, at least, it has been the Square with the 47th Propo- sition of Euclid pendent within it. An Irish poet wrote : —
" Truth is one, and so is light, Yet how many shades of it."
MODEMV SA/Cl/Sff
SCOTTISH
IR/SH
Freemasonry itself might he looked on as exemplifying unity without monotony ; so let it not be supposed that because they are different there is anything exclusively English, or Irish, or Scotch, about the Past Master's Jewel in each case ; all are beauti- ful links in the chainwork of continuation from Operative to Speculative Masonry ; all remind us that the master of an Operative Lodge worked out his plans by that branch of science to which we give the general name of " Geometry," and which is represented in the Irish Jewel by the Capital " G," which along with the 47th Proposition were in use both in England and in Ireland probably before 1723 ; and if we make a comparison at all, to my mind it should be in favour of the " G " as, primarily at least, standing for " Geometry," the basis of all Operative Masonic Work, and including that 47th Proposition with which I am about to deal.
28
Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
The Square is introduced to the Entered Apprentice as one of the three Great Lights of Freemasonry, to the Fellow-craftsman as one of the working tools of his Degree. It is also one of the Jewels of the Lodge, and the special Jewel of the Master of the Lodge. It is probably the most important tool of a Mason, whether an Operative or a Speculative one, for it connects and more or less includes the Level and the Plumb Rule, and it is the only tool by which the rough Ashlar can be prepared and tested ; and unless the ashlars are perfect the building cannot be built after any wise plan, or with strength, or with beauty. It is used to form the rude and to prove the perfect mass, and therefore it is of the utmost importance that an implement on which so much depends shall be itself perfectly correct.
It is this last consideration especially which renders the 47th Proposition so appropriate an emblem of the P.M.
The artificer employs the square to form the rude mass ; the Master to prove the work ; but whose duty is it to see that this most important tool is itself correct ? The most suitable person would seem to be the Past Master, he, having passed through the stages of using it and testing with it, would be most impressed with the necessity of its being correct. By what mode can he ensure the correctness of the Square ? How can he ensure that the angle between the two limbs of the Square shall be truly a right or square angle ?
There are many ways known to modern science whereby this can be done, but the most ancient, and perhaps the simplest, is by means of the 47th Proposition of the first book of Euclid : and therefore the Past Master, one of whose chief duties it is to test the working tools, and who is supposed to have arrived at a complete skill in Free- masonry, wears it as part of his distinguishing Jewel : indeed the term Past Master is commonly used to describe anyone who is possessed of special knowledge in any particular department whatever.
This Proposition is known certainly for twenty-four centuries, and probably much longer, and by it we can prove that in a triangle, one of the angles of which is a right angle, the square of the side opposite the right angle is equal to both the squares on the sides containing the right angle : it follows then that if we make any triangle in which the square of one side is equal to both the squares of the two other sides, then the angle opposite that side must be a true right angle, — the angle of a correct square.
In the English Book of Constitutions of 1723 this Proposition appears on the Frontispiece, and it was spoken of then as, " That amazing Proposition which is the foundation of all Masonry."
The diagram shown represents it as used by English Masons nearly 100 years ago ; you will see that in order to get a correct square angle it is only neces- sary to make a triangle the sides of which shall be in the proportion 3-4-5.
In connection with this it is of much interest to know that as the standard and symbol of perfection with Speculative Masons now is the Square, so this right angled triangle, which is almost identical, was with the Egyptians several thousand years ago the standard and symbol of perfection ; and they made it also the basis of all their measurements ; they looked on it as the symbol of Universal Nature, the side 4 being Osiris the male prin-
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25 |
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Symbolism of the Square. 29
oiple, 3 the female principle Isis, and 5 Horus the son, the product of these two principles ; — they said 3 was the first perfect odd number, that 4 was the square of 2 the first even number, and 5 was the result of 3 and 2.1
In Freemasonry the Square is the Symbol of moral perfection : it is the Master's duty to apply the perfect square of right and truth to the work of the subordinates; but the far higher and greater responsibility rests on the Past Master of setting out, pointing out, and in himself exemplifying what Right in itself is, and what Truth is, — •of answering Pilate's question, " What is Truth ? "
True Speculative Masonry teaches a man, by the industrious application of the principles of Eternal Truth and Right to the untaught material of humanity, to shape its thoughts and actions so as to erect from it a spiritual building, on sure foundations, with intelligent purpose, and admirable to contemplate.
The Past Master represents one who has erected such a building ; but his having -done so places him under the responsibility of ensuring that those who are working for the same end shall not fail through want of his affording them, by precept and example, principles which have been put to the test and found to be those of absolute truth and correctness.
It will be said, why then be a Past Master and incur all this responsibility ? but it is what one who lives through a Masonic life must come to, and is symbolic of what man is born to, whether he be a Freemason or not.
There is no man but eats more or less of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, and incurs the responsibility attached thereto ; no man can escape being not only the keeper of his brother who is his equal, but also the far greater responsibility of being the keeper of those who are beginners and learners : and as they are influenced for good or evil, so will they be affected to the third and fourth generation. But it may be asked how it is that while in Masonry and in human life all the wear and tear and the responsibilities seem to attach to the workers of the different grades, and to the overseers of the work, yet that on the Past Master who has risen through all the grades, and who seems to have earned the calm of smooth waters, free from anxieties, lies the greatest responsi- bility of all ? The answer, which is a serious one, is this, that while he was a learner his work was carried on in sight and hearing, and he was accountable for it to those above him who were themselves liable to err ; but that now, as a Past Master, both for his own work and the correctness of the rules of Right which he supplies to the learners, he is accountable, not to Masons or to men, but to the Great Architect, the Grand •Geometrician, the God of the Universe.
I may bring before you two instances of the Square being treated in a symbolic way, long before Speculative Masonry existed ; especially as the suggestions were singularly like to ours.
Guillaume de Guileville, a Frenchman, who was born a.d. 1295 and died 1360, wrote a book called " Man's Pilgrimage " in which, in an imaginative " last will " of Jesus Christ, one clause contains a bequest to mankind of the " Pax Triplex," " Triple Tranquility," symbolized by P. AX. so disposed on the stem and one limb of a Latin cross, which forms a right angle, as to indicate the whole duty of man — his love to God and to his neighbour, in this way, — A. stands for Anima, the soul ; X. Kristos, Christ, firmly connected with the soul by love, but directly in the plumbline above it as superior ; P. Proximus, a neighbour, properly on the same level, and also firmly connected by love, but not so nearly as to X., Christ, as indicated by the longer stem of the cross.2
1 See the exhaustive paper on " The Great Symbol," by Bro. S. T. Klein, A.Q.C. x., p. 82 et seqq. j See W. H. Rylands, " Symbolism of the Square," A.Q.C. xiii., p. 28.
30 Transactions of the Lodge Quatuor Coronati.
The other instance came to light when, at the rebuilding of Baal's bridge, near Limerick, a brass square was found, inscribed with the date 1517, and with these words :
" I will strive to live with love and care Upon the level, by the square."
This was the sentiment of a purely Operative Mason, and is still a fit sentiment for a. Speculative one 400 years afterwards.
Bro. G. W. Speth said: — I have often in former years asked some experienced Past Master to explain to me what the 47th Proposition was the symbol of. Invariably the answer has been, " It is the symbol of a Past Master." On my pointing out that it was nothing of the sort, that it was the badge of a Past Master, and asking what it symbolised, my elders have been puzzled. The fact is that the symbol has been with us from before 1723, it is figured on the frontispiece of Anderson's Constitutions of that date, that at some time or other it came to distinguish the P.M., and that nobody knows why. Bro. Greene has furnished a very plausible reason for the choice, but he has failed to show that it was the reason which actuated our predecessors. It may have been, it seems a very possible one, but nowhere shall we find any indication of it. But, whether it be the historical reason or not, we Past Masters can now at least furnish a plausible explanation of the use of the Proposition, and should be much obliged to our Brother for supplying it.
Bro. Greene might have gone much farther back than he has done to find uses of the Square analogous to that of Speculative Freemasonry. In 1880 Bro. Herbert A. Giles, W.M. of Ionic Lodge, No. 1781, Amoy, delivered an address on " Freemasonry in China," which has been twice subsequently printed. As the book is somewhat scarce, I will extract several passages of interest to us.
" From time immemorial we find the square and compasses used by Chinese writers to symbolise precisely the same phases of moral conduct as in our system of Freemasonry. The earliest passage known to me which bears upon the subject is to be found in the Book of History, embracing a period reaching from the 24th to the 7th century before Christ. There, in an account of a military expedition, we read,
' Ye officers of government, apply the compasses !'
and in another part of the same venerable record a magistrate is spoken of as ' the man of the level,' or ' the level man.'
" The published Discourses of Confucius provide us with several masonic allusions of a more or less definite character. For instance, when recounting his own degrees of moral progress in life, the Master tells us that only at seventy-five years of age could he venture to follow the inclinations of his heart without fear of ' transgressing the limits of the square.' This would be 481 B.C. But it is in the works of his great follower, Mencius, who flourished nearly two hundred years later, that we meet with a fuller and more expressive Masonic phraseology. In one chapter we are taught that just as the most highly skilled artificers are unable, without the aid of the square and compasses, to produce perfect rectangles or perfect circles, so must all men apply these tools figuratively to their lives, and the level and the marking-line besides, if they would walk in the straight and even paths of wisdom, and keep themselves within the bounds of honour and virtue.
The Square in Chinese Literature and Shakespeare. 31
" In Book iv. we read,
' The compasses and the square are the embodiment of the rectangular and of the round, just as the prophets of old were the embodiment of the due relationships beeween man and man.'
" In Book vi. we find these words,
' A master mason, in teaching his apprentices, makes use of the compasses and the square. Ye who are engaged in the pursuit of wisdom must also make use of the compasses and the square.'
" In the Great Learning, admitted on all sides to date from between three and five hundred years before Christ, in chapter x., we read that a man should abstain from doing- unto others what he would not thev should do unto him ; ' and this,' adds the writer, 'is called the principle of acting on the square.' "
Bro. Giles gives many more quotations from early and more recent writers, as also familiar expressions of everyday life in China, but the above will doubtless suffice to indicate the high antiquity of the ideas we Freemasons associate with the square and compasses.
It is somewhat curious that in the Bible, where so many metaphors are borrowed from the operation of building, more especially by St. Paul, I have failed to find any symbolic allusion to the square, compasses, or level, but the line and plummet is thus employed. In that other standard of our English tongue, the works of William Shakes- peare, there is ample evidence that at the date he wrote, our working tools, or some of them, were habitually used metaphorically in the sense with which we now employ them. There is one allusion to a trowel, which it might be straining the evidence to include, and there is one to a line and level, in which the humour consists in the fact that a couple of disreputable rascals are about to commit a dishonest action according to implements which palpably inculcate strict rectitude.
We steal by line and level. — Tempest, iv., 1.
Such others as I have found all relate to the square, and all indicate that the square was looked upon as the very essence of rectitude, correctness and honesty.
All have not offended, For those that were, it is not square to take On those that are, revenge : crimes, like lands, Are not inherited. — Timon of Athens, v., 5.
She's a most triumphant lady, if report be square to her.
— Ant. and Gleop., ii., 2. My Octavia, Read not my blemishes in the world's report ; I have not kept my square, but that to come Shall all be done by rule. — Ant. and Gleop., ii., 2.
Fie, fie ! how franticly I square my talk. — Titus And., iii., 2.
Dreams are toys ; Yet for this once, yea, superstitiously, I will be squar'd by this. — Winter's Tale, iii., 3.
O ! that ever I Had squared me to thy counsel. — Ibid, v., 1.
Thou art said to have a stubborn soul,
That apprehends no further than this world,
And squar'st thy life accordingly. — Meas. for Meas., v., 1.
32 • Transactions of the Quatuor Goronati Lodge.
Bro. W. H. Rylands said that in his opinion no reason whatever was in anyone's mind when the 47th Proposition gradually came to be recognised as the distinguishing mark of a Past Master. Its use for this purpose was very recent, prints of the beginning of this century shewed the Past Masters with a compass attached to their collars. The compass had always been esteemed the highest emblem, as the real instru- ment was undoubtedly the most important. If he wished to manufacture a square he would certainly employ the compass, and not the 47th Proposition. Bro. Rylands intimated that he would put his views into writing at greater length than he could express them on the spur of the moment.
Bro. Hugh James wished once more to recall to the memory of the brethren that the Proposition in question was not the discovery of Euclid : it was known ages before him.
Bro. Sydney T. Klein said I have already in my paper on " The Great Symbol," page 100, shown that the figure of the Pythagorean Theorem was looked upon during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as the Symbol of Highest Knowledge and suggested that it was eventually, on that account, allocated to those who were Past Masters in learning, they having passed through the Chair of King Solomon. There is nothing in the Ritual to suggest that the duty of a Past Master involved proving anything in a Lodge, on the contrary, the Ritual clearly shows that the duty of proving necessarily rested entirely with the Junior Warden. I made that discovery the moment I received my Collar of Office and found myself placed in that Chair for the first time (vide A.Q.G. ix., p. 165.) The Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem does not rest on the ratio of the sides of a Triangle, but entirely on the fact that the Square on the Hypothenuse is divided into two parts respectively equal to the Squares on the two sides, by a plumb-line let fall from the right angle ; without that plumb-line the proving would be impossible and the badge of Office of the Junior Warden is therefore this plumb-line. The three pedestals form the right angled triangle and the duty of the Junior Warden, placed at the right angle with a plumb-line as his Badge of Office, is to make proof where necessary.
I agree with Bro. Rylands that the Compass is the most important instrument for making or proving a square. I have already shown in my paper on " The Great Symbol " that any number of right-angled triangles may be drawn on a given straight line and that the right angle of each of these triangles will be on the circumference of a circle of which that line is the diameter. As shown in my " reply to discussion on The Great Symbol," page 109, the German Masons in the fifteenth century made their Squares on this principle, the only instrument they required was a piece of string or a lath of wood of any convenient length, which was a much simpler process than having to measure three lengths along one side, four lengths on another, and five lengths along the remaining side of a triangle to make or prove a right angle.
The quotations given by Bro. Speth from Bro. Giles' Address on the Chinese are very interesting ; in China the two most famous Temple Areas are laid out in the forms of a Circle and a Square, the Temple of Heaven being circular and the Temple of Earth being square.
There are some curious passages in the Old Testament which seem to refer symbolically to the plumb-line, namely : — Amos vii., verses 7 and 8; II. Kings xxi., 13; Isaiah xxviii., 17 ; Zech. iv., 10.
Discussion. 33
Bro. G. W. Speth said that in the absence of the writer of the paper he desired to say a few words of reply on his behalf. The object of the paper was to supply some sufficient reason why the Past Master was distinguished by a certain emblem. Such reason had been suggested by Bro. Klein. His paper on "The Great Symbol" was most exhaustive, dealt with it from every conceivable point of view, and was very insistent upon the importance to a Master Mason of a true knowledge of the square. But the reason assigned by him was not the one given by Bro. Greene, which was that the Past Master wore the emblem because his duty was to test the squares of the fellows and that this proposition, or at least the rule of 3, 4, 5, to be derived from it, would enable him to do so. That was the theory of Bro. Greene, and though it did not seem to be historically tenable, and herein Bro. Speth agreed with Bro. Kylands, and although it was not intrinsically better than Bro. Klein's, yet it was a plausible post hoc propter hoc reason.
Bro. Speth could not agree with either Bro. Rylands or Bro. Klein that the compasses were a better instrument wherewith either to make or to test a square. True, if it were desired to draw a right angle on a sheet of paper or a board, then the compasses would be decidedly the more convenient. But that was not the problem, which was to make a builder's square, the implement itself, or to test one already made. No builder with such a task before him would do otherwise than mark off along one side of the square three units, inches or feet or yards, according to its size, along the other side four units, and across the two, five units. Every bricklayer at the present day follows this course, and no other. If thej agreed, the square, be it a tool, or a plot of land, or a corner of a building, was correct. The compasses would not help him in the least. Or if a workman desired to construct a square, he would take a lath of 3 feet, one of 4, and one of 5, and joining them altogether at the points, he had his square infallibly correct. It was well to keep the different operations of an architect or draughtsman at his drawing board and those of a workman on the ground, distinct in one's mind. In the first case a straight edge and a pair of compasses answered admirably, in the other without the rule of 3, 4, 5, deducible from the 47th Proposition, the operative would be at a sad loss.
Bro. Speth concluded by proposing a vote of thanks to Bro. Greene which was heartily accorded.
ADDENDUM
BY BRO. W. H. RYLANDS, F.S.A., P.A.G.D.C.
I heard, and have now read with interest the paper by Brother Greene ; we must all welcome papers of this kind, as it is just one of that class of communications which does much towards the proper understanding of our symbols and badges, because it calls attention to many points which as yet have not been satisfactorily explained. At the same time it forces a discussion and brings out statements of various views, which must add something to our general knowledge.
Personally I am glad to see the subject of the 47th Proposition in its connection with Freemasonry, again before the Lodge ; as I very humbly claim the merit of having revived an interest in the matter, by calling special attention to Anderson's statement, that " it is the foundation of all Masonry if properly observed," in my paper on " Some Masonic Symbols," read before the Lodge in May, 1895. {Trans, vol. viii., p. 94).
34
Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
It would occupy too much space to enter into the subject of the " Dominant Numbers" of buildings, which were touched upon in my Notes and seem to me to bear so directly on the subject. I then threw out the hint of the importance of this problem in the construction of buildings : and I am still convinced that it formed an essential part of the geometry employed in the planning of great buildings, both in the ground-plan and in the elevation.1 Those who may wish to pursue this most interesting subject may be referred to the excellent papers by my late and much lamented friend Mr. E. W. Cox, who very thoroughly explained and discussed the matter in his com- munications to the following Societies. He also most kindly added some remarks to the " Notes " already mentioned.
Mr. Cox's papers are as follows : Journal of the Architectural Archaeological Society of Chester, vol. v., p. 239, Chester Castle : Trans. Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire: New Series, iv., 121, Some account of Garston: vi., 195, The Castle at Liverpool : vii. and viii., 305, Overchurch : and 326 : x., 123, Birkenhead Priory : xii., 95, Lancaster Castle : xiii., 47, Storeton in Wirrall : and 97, Bebbington Church.
Bro. Greene asks the question how the set square, i.e. a right angle is made: I should say, in geometry, certainly not from the 47th Proposition, but with the com- passes. If it was desired to make a right angle, the common method, as pointed out by our W.M. Bro. Conder (vol. x., p. 105) would be employed, or the earlier Propositions of the first book of Euclid.
The first Proposition of the I. Book of Euclid is to describe an equilateral triangle on a given finite line. Prof. Cockerell (Arch. Inst. 1845) notices that the architectural writers throughout the sixteenth century recommend this figure, chiefly as that geo- metrical rule by which, "two lines may be drawn on the ground at right angles with each other in any scale, according to the conception of Euclid's mind."
In order to commence the 47th Proposition, it is necessary to construct a right- angled triangle, without which the Proposition could not be made : the 47th does not teach us how to make a right-angle, but is worked on one, when made : and the way to lay this foundation for the Proposition, geometrically, is shown in the earlier problems : and it is with the compasses. It is clear that the right-angle or set-square is not constructed by the 47th Proposition, but the proving of the Proposition is by the right- angle. The Proposition then demands a previous knowledge of how to make a right- angle.
When Bro. Purdon Clarke read his most interesting and valuable paper on the Tracing Board, {Trans. 1893, vol. vi., p. 99), I produced some drawings many
VSee Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture, by W. Papworth (page 963 seq.), where Mr. E. Cresy's principles of proportion in ancient buildings are explained. They were published so far back as 1847.
Discussion.
35
thousands of years old, which bear on the present subject. The first is taken from the work by Prisse d'Avennes/'Histoire de 1'ArtEgyptien," of which the text was written by P. Marchandon de la Faye (1879) : On page 123, is the wood-cut and the following description, " On voit a Sakkara, dans le tombeau inacbeve de Manofre, qui vivaita, l'epoque de la Ve dynastie, une suite de petites figures tracees a la sanguine sur lesquelles sont indiques les lignes etles points destines a servir de guides au dessinateur ; cependant ces di verses marques nous paraissent n'avoir aucun rapport direct avec les veritables echelles de proportion employees."
It is quite possible that the lines and dots are not connected with a regular canon of proportion : they clearly show, however, the use of the right-angle. Another still earlier instance may be given from " The Pyramids of Gizeh," by Colonel Howard Vyse, published in 1840, (vol. i., p. 278), of which the author writes: "There were many quarry-marks similar to those in the other chambers, and also several red lines crossing
each other at right-angles, with black equilateral triangles described near the inter- sections, in order probably to obtain a right-angle."
These marks were found in a chamber in the Great Pyramid which was opened by Colonel Vyse. The Great Pyramid as is well known was built by Khufu or Cheops, a king of the Second Dynasty.
I do not venture to touch upon the symbolism associated by the ancient Egyptians with the triangle : Greek and other influence brought in ideas, very foreign to the notions of the more ancient worship.
Truth with the Egyptians, as I pointed out in my Notes on Symbols, was that which never altered, it was a fixed immoveable law, and might well have been symbolised by the right angle or set square. The triangle having three sides may naturally be associated with the triads : but was it not the equilateral triangle, which unless bisected, does not contain a right-angle ?
It is clear to me now, in the discussion following Bro. Greene's paper, that Bro. Speth and myself were looking at the subject of the 47th Proposition from different points of view : he had I think in his mind the ready method of constructing or proving the correctness of a set square, or right-angle, by the rule of 3, 4 and 5, one of the many points connected in a kind of way with the Proposition : I, on the contrary, was con- sidering the 47th as only commencing as I have said, when the right-angle had been formed : and was thinking at the same time of the construction of a set-square by geometry, he by rule of thumb.
To pass from the geometrical portion of the 47th Proposition, and turn to the use of it in Freemasonry as the badge or jewel of a Past Master. I said in my remarks as above, that I considered this badge was given to the Past Master without any special reason : and that the use of the Proposition in this connection seemed to me to date from a very modern period. I said this because the badge in early times is not speciallyassociated with that office in Freemasons' Lodges or, so far as is known, in those of the Operatives.
36 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
To return to the square, it was certainly the working tool of the fellow of craft in Operative Masonry, and the apprentice learnt how to use it : but the fellow of craft was out of his time and had served his apprenticeship, and was really a Master Mason.
The Master, or Past Master, of an Operative Lodge so far as I have been able to discover, had no badge or jewel : they had, however, certain working tools which their rank in the Craft allowed them to use.
When the office of Past Master became a well acknowledged position in Specu- lative Masonry it became necessary to find a suitable badge ; and at a late period the 47th Proposition was added to the Master's square, which the Past Master already had had the right to wear. There is, however, no evidence of anything of the kind in any of the earliest jewels known.
As I attempted to show in my Notes on Masonic Symbols, the real old symbolism or secrets were all but lost at the break up of the guilds : only the ghost of them remained. Of course an apprentice had always to learn to square stones, even when only simple walls were to be built: but the Master Mason of old who ruled over the Operative Lodge had little to do with squaring stones : his was the Master Mind that planned and worked out the great construction of a building, according to the rules of Geometry, or as it was called, " Mason Craft."
The Master Mason's tools were the square and compasses, and it is only when the position of Master was reached, that he had the combination of the two instruments.
The Master of an Operative Lodge was a skilled Master Mason, who employed other Master Masons, Fellows, and under them Apprentices, to carry out the work he himself had planned. It was therefore a position, earned by some considerable study and skill : and in no sense was it anything approaching to a degree.
In the Notes, so often referred to, I brought forward some of the reasons why the letter G- could only be considered as referring to Geometry : and I then figured a design from an edition of Ptolemy's Geography, printed in the year 1525. The com- bination of the square and compasses with the letter G in the centre, evidently referred to the art of Geometry, otherwise Masonry, and it may be pointed out these symbols are, in the original, appropriately placed in the panel of a column supporting the spring of an arch. It only requires the chain suspending the letter G, and the ring at the top of the compasses, to make it a perfect Irish Past Master's jewel.
The badge of the Master in the Speculative Lodges was a square, which he wore round his neck : and it will be observed that upon the pottery of the second half of the eighteenth century, he is so represented : and that he holds in his hands the compasses, the great instrument of his skill ; and that the dial before him marks the hour of twelve.
It must be noted that in the engraved frontispiece of the 1723 Book of Consti- tutions, the Peer in the robes of the Garter, is handing to the figure in the robes of a Duke, not only the " Constitutions," but also a pair of compasses.
Again, in the frontispiece of Cole's engraved Constitutions of 1728-29, the centre figure, the Master, who wears the apron, is showing the compasses to his companions, one of whom, on his right hand, holds the set-square, and the figure on his left the plummet.
In the frontispiece of the Pocket Companion of 1736, the Master is asking infor- mation from the Spirit of Geometry, who is working on the tracing board with the compasses ; the square, level and plumb lying at her feet.
In the well-known picture by Bartolozzi, representing Ruspini leading the pro- cession of the girls' school down the Hall, it is interesting to notice that Ruspini, the
Discussion. 37
Prince of Wales and William Forssteen all three wear a pair of compasses banging by a riband about their necks. The print was engraved in 1801, Sir John Earner, whose name appears in the key, with the addition of " The Right HonbIe. The Lord Mayor of London," having been Lord Major in that year. The compasses which agree very well with the other engravings mentioned above may be indicative of the office of Master. It cannot be specially of the Grand Master, as the same instrument is worn by both Forssteen and Ruspiui : the only difference in the three jewels being that the one worn by the Prince is of a slightly older form.
As Mackey says in his Cyclopaedia, "In the earliest rituals of the last century, the compasses are described as a part of the furniture of the Lodge, and are said to belong to the Master."
One at least of the compasses intended to be worn has survived, in it the legs, which measure about four inches iu length, are fixed at the usual turning place: the whole instrument is of silver, and the top is fitted with a silver ring for suspension. The date letter is 1806.
Another example, also in my possession, is the same plain fixed compasses, in this instance with a set-square fastened across the legs, as usually arranged : this bears the inscription " Lodge 520." The legs are about three and a half inches in length, and it is not so well finished as the one just mentioned. Unfortunately there is no date mark, it must, however, have been made between 1780 and 1813, I think somewhere about the year 1800.
The facts may be summed up as follows : the Apprentice learnt to use the square, level and plumb : the Fellow of Craft used the set-square : and to the Master specially belonged the instrument, which was the key to the secrets of Geometry, and by the use of which a right-angle, or the set-square, as well as much else was made. Thus the Old operative customs were continued in Speculative Lodges.
Bro. Sadler expresses the opinion in his " Masonic Facts and Fictions " (page 12) that in the early period of Freemasonry, no jewels were worn, even by the Grand Master himself : and points to the portrait of Anthony Sayer, the Grand Master in 1717, who is represented wearing a plain leather apron, but no jewel of any kind. The same may be said of Montgomery the Grand Guarder.
Bro. Sadler also quotes a most important minute of the Grand Lodge, as follows : 24th June, 1727. " Resolved Nem. Con. that in all private Lodges and Quarterly Communications and General Meetings the Ma[ste]r and Wardens do wear the Jewells of Masonry hanging to a White Ribbon (vizt.) That the Ma[ste]r wear the Square, the Senr. Warden the Levell, and the Junr. Warden the Plumb rule."
The italics are mine. This minute can only denote one of two things : either a diversity of jewels, i.e. that a different arrangement of the Jewels from that mentioned, was in use at the time : or it refers to the commencement of the use of collar jewels. I must confess that I agree with Bro. Sadler : and Avould add that the wording of the minute seems to me to point directly to his conclusion.
In the Operative Lodges, and the transitional period about the year 1716, the officers had the "Jewels of the Lodge" specially belonging to each. Tlje minute of 1727 seems to point to the idea of wearing the Jewels instead of using them.
It seems to me also more than probable that the jewels worn by the Grand Officers were, in the first instance, of the same form as those worn in the ordinary Lodges : and so continued down to a fairly late period.
Of course difficulties always arise in such cases : and the question may be asked, what becomes of the old bronze jewel found at Corfu, and published in the Transactions
38 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
vol. iii., page 62 : and the more peculiar jewel, found in the Lavant Caves (Trans., vol. xi., page 171 : which in my note on it, I ought to have mentioned, bears traces of having been gilded ; both of these having been attributed to the seventeenth century.
It mast not be overlooked that both of them are of small size, and would not be suitable for collar-jewels : and remembering the ornament in the edition of Ptolemy's Geography of 1525, and other examples of the square and compasses, the idea suggests itself, that there may have been badges of Freemasonry, although there were no collar- jewels.
It is certain, from the above minute, that the set-square became the collar- jewel of the Master in the year 1727. It is however, a question whether the Past Master was possessed of any special jewel at all. The 47th Proposition, which now forms a part of the Past Master's jewel, plays always a very minor part, and is placed with the ashlar and other emblems (See Trans., vol. viii., 15, 28) : and although among the objects sometimes found both on the early jewels, the aprons, and the pottery of a later period, the badges of some of the Officers of a Lodge are included1, I do not feel satisfied that the 47th Proposition in these instances refers to the Past Master: indeed I think it cannot do so.
I have said that the 47th Proposition occupies a minor place on the old jewels and other designs, it is however only as regards the main design, for as an emblem or symbol it occupies one of the most important places. It is found on the tracing board, and on a partly unrolled scroll, which when blank I do not think is intended for the Roll of the "Constitutions," but is evidently intended to convey the idea of "draught or plan " : the 47th Proposition though perhaps not fully understood, still had the credit of being " the foundation of all Masonry." It takes its place among other emblems on an engraving of 1797, of one of the " plates " said to have been worn by Freemasons, suspended by a riband round the neck. It is so represented as to be almost unrecog- nisable, and very like a letter Y: still the explanation must not be omitted. — "A machine used by Masons for forming triangles."
The 47th Proposition is first met with in Speculative Masonry, on the frontis- piece of the 1723 edition of the Constitutions : and it is worthy of notice that it occurs on the pavement with the word Heureka in Greek characters immediately between the two figures in the centre of the picture, directly beneath the arch above. It cannot in this instance be connected with a badge of office, but, as I have said before, it is sym- bolical, and seems to refer to the idea contained in Anderson's statement that it is the foundation of all Masonry.
The Master Masons' jewels of the eighteenth century often contain a multitude of symbols and objects : the main characteristics of them are however, the compasses and the segment of a circle, marked with ninety degrees, or the fourth part of a circle. Sometimes the set-square is placed between the two : and at times the letter G seems to enfold them in its curves (See Transactions, vol. xiii., p. 76). At other times the letter G hangs from an arch (see the Scotch jewel, dated 1779, Trans., vol. vii., p. 89), the arch being a triumph of geometrical building. The 47th Proposition, whenever it appears on these jewels, on the aprons, or on the pottery, never takes a rank, as I have said, equal t<t the compasses, segment, set-square, or the letter G.
The jewel of the Past Master of the period is to be seen on the base of the well- known bust of William Preston : it is the compasses distended on the segment of a circle marked with ninety degrees2 ; and between the two is the sun in its splendour.
1 The Grand Secretary's jewel was the cross pens in a knot, in 1739 : The Grand Sword Bearer had a jewel before 1745, and the Grand Treasurer's jewel was the cross keys in a knot, in 1755.
2 If the compasses are distended at forty-five degrees, it is simply half the right angle.
Discussion. 39
In an engraving of John Cole, the same jewel is worn round the neck, with the exception that the sun is placed immediately above the compasses, on the riband : the portrait is dated April the 7th, 1809.
Another portrait of Cole, published in 1801, with the same jewel, bears the words " A Past Master," giving the numbers of four Lodges.
These may be compared with several jewels of earlier date that have been published in the Transactions : for instance, vol. vii., page 86, fig. 2, dated 1790 : the same volume, page 144 : vol. viii., page 52, dated 5775, upon this jewel the 47th Proposition does not appear. Two jewels, both belonging to a Scotch Lodge, are called, the former Master's Jewel, vol. viii., page 109 : and the present Master's Jewel, some- thing the same in form as the other, is given on page 110 : Also the " W.M. Jewel," of the extinct Lodge of Kirkaldy (vol. viii., page 236).
One with the compasses and segment without the square is figured in volume ix., page 54. There is also the interesting jewel of the " Antients," with the compasses and segment : the square and the letter G, both of small size, being placed in the centre : there is no 47th Proposition to be seen. (Transactions, vol. x., page 160).
It is needless to multiply the examples : one thing however, appears quite clear, the 47th Proposition was not an essential characteristic of the jewel of a Past Master.
In the portrait of H.R.H. George, Prince of Wales, as the Grand Master, published in 1802, and that of Dunckerley as a Provincial Grand Master, published in December, 1789, the collar jewel represented is a pair of compasses with the points upon a segment of a circle.
It matters little, and probably the maker cared less if the segment of the circle was really ninety degrees, so long as the necessary numerals were engraved upon it : the points of the compasses were intended to mark the segment of a circle, by which, when the lines were drawn from the circumference to the centre, a right angle was made. This is certainly the basis of a set square, but the arrangement rather points out the power of the compasses.
To follow for a moment the introduction of the 47th Proposition. Another arrangement of the badges or jewels of the Lodge is found, and it is to be noticed that the segment is here omitted. The jewel of the Immediate Past Master, now in the possession of the Royal Alpha Lodge, No. 16, formerly belonging to the old Royal Lodge, made between 1764 and 1822, and probably nearer the earlier date than the later. It is a combination made of the square, the compasses points upwards, the level upon which is the letter G in a circle, and the plumb ; the last of these divides the tilted 47th Proposition and the closed Bible. The Proposition is placed on a "plate,"1 or it may be intended for the tracing board. " The foundation of all Masonry " is here brought into a prominent position, and associated with the Foundation of our Faith.
Another example of the same arrangement is figured in the Transactions, vol. xii., page 65, and with slight differences, in other jewels figured in the Transactions : a Scotch Jewel dated 1 774 and given for service nine years as Master (vol. vii., page 89) ; another Scotch Jewel, vol. viii., page 32 ; another dated 5768, vol. vii., page 145 ; and an Irish Jewel dated 1763, figured in a very interesting communication from Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley, on Irish Jewels (vol. viii., page 111).
It is to be noticed that in the example mentioned above (vol. vii., page 89), the open Bible is balanced by an open blank scroll, upon which is a pen, placed as if the work of drawing was to be commenced : in another example mentioned (vol. vii., page
1 In some jewels the place of the 47th Proposition is occupied by the circle square and triangle. A very good example is in the Grand Lodge Museum.
40 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
145) there is no Bible represented, but the scroll is completed by having the 47th Proposition drawn upon it : just as in the other examples referred to above, where the scroll thus charged appeal's instead of the tracing board as one of the symbols.
In no instance that I can call to mind does the scroll appear on either jewel, apron or pottery, in such a manner that it can be taken as representing the Roll of the Constitutions ; indeed, such a thing would be quite out of place. The scroll bore the plan, as in the frontispiece of Pine's Engraved List of 1725, where the Master Mason with the set-square in one hand, unfolds with the other the ground-plan of the Temple before Solomon the King. If the plan or draught was not upon the scroll, then it contains the problem, by the use of which the Master was enabled to produce his drawing.
Rightly perhaps the 47th Proposition should belong to the Master, and necessarily, therefore, to the Past Master. I cannot, however, think that the characteristic portion of the Jewel of a Past Master, was either the Bible or the Proposition. It would properly contain as the principal features, some or all of those working tools whose uses were so well known to the Master.
I have seen no earlier example of the Jewel of a Past Master with the 47th Proposition hanging within the angle of the set-square than about the year 1800. At first it was what has been called the " gallows square," but later, the fashion changed, and sometime a little before the year 1840, no doubt with the idea of six on one side and half-a-dozen on the other, it was made to balance. Thus the proper position of the square, with one arm vertical and the other at a right angle to it was destroyed. In the plates at the end of the "Constitutions" of 1841, it is thus represented. The two forms may be contrasted in the drawings at the beginning of Bro. Greene's paper.
The jewel of a Past Master under the Irish Constitution has preserved, as I have pointed out, one of the earliest combinations, to denote geometry or masonry : in the jewel of a Scotch Past Master is found, I believe, one of the early forms in use in England : and that of the English Past Master is a composition that can be dated, at the earliest, from the end of the eighteenth century.
In the above remarks I have confined myself, as nearly as possible, to the jewels which have been figured in the Transactions.
The subject of Masonic jewels, and the reasons why they were each adopted, as well as the gradual extension and development, has never yet been attempted. I fear many points can never be settled with any certainty until we have an illustrated catalogue of all the jewels known. This has often been the subject of conversation between Bro. Speth and myself ; a kind of vision that we hoped, and still hope to see realised.
Thanks to the excellent draughtsmanship of Bro. Speth and his daughter, the Lodge has made a good start, by publishing as many jewels as have been submitted to its notice. This has naturally involved a considerable amount of labour, which must not be overlooked : but a great deal more has to be done. To add to this collection is in every way desirable, and I would therefore ask every Brother who has in his possession an old jewel to have an imprint taken from it, or take one himself : it is not a difficult thing to do after a little practice, or, better still, allow us to see the jewel itself.
In sending an imprint, it would be well to send two copies and in every instance where they exist to note the silver mark stamped upon the jewel, as this fixes the date at which it was made. By this means it will be possible, as time goes on, to collect the blocks necessary for the publication of the catalogue. I cannot urge this plan too strongly, for as I have said, it is only by the systematic arrangement of the old jewels, which have survived the temptation of the melting pot, that any definite conclusion becomes possible.
Reply to Discussion.
41
A few words from me in conclusion may not be out of place. Bro. Speth's enlargement on ancient views of the Square and others of our symbols is most interesting, and reminds us that the Chinese are " not all the bad " as we say in Ireland ; but that we may hope yet to learn as much good of them as we now know of bad.
His remarks on the making or testing of a Square convey what I intended. I purposely put aside the paper and compass or other methods as I wished to take the symbolism from the actual mode that is, and I believe always has been, adopted by
operative masons.
The remarks of Bros. S. T. Klein and W. H. By lands are especially acceptable, both from the amount of valuable matter they include and from their references to former works and papers, enabling those who will to read up the whole subject.
Finally I tender my thanks to the Quatuor Coronati Lodge and to the brethren who have taken part in the discussion for the way in which they have received and dealt with a small Paper from a member of a Provincial Lodge in Ireland.
It was taken as intended, not as dogmatic or controversial, but rather as tentative.
Any success it has had I look on to have been that with so slight a stroke it has caused the waters of interesting information to flow so abundantly.
Thomas Greene.
42 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
MILITARY MASONRY.
BY BRO. R. F. GOULD, P.G.D.
LTHOUGH not desiring unduly to take up space by dwelling at any length on the very substantial merits of " French Prisoners' Lodges," which has been so favourably reviewed in the journals of our Society, I trust nevertheless to be allowed to mention in these columns the great pleasure it has afforded me to peruse the deeply interesting pages of the little work which has been so successfully launched by the much respected Secretary of the " Lodge of Research."
Among the Lodges established by Prisoners of War, which are noticed by Bro. John T. Thorp (in the publication referred to above) was Les Amis en Captivite, in the Island of Malta, and a fragment of its early history, related in the autobiography of a French Sergeant, may perhaps not be unacceptable to the readers of our Transactions.
This, however, will be introduced in its proper chronological sequence, as the entire personal Memoir of Robert Guillemard abounds "with Masonic interest, from the date of his first joining the French Army as a conscript, in 1805, in which year the most illustrious of all the British Admirals who have belonged to the Fraternity, received a fatal wound at his hands, down to 1815, when he assisted Joachim Murat — King of Naples, and Marshal of France — a conspicuous Freemason, in escaping from Toulon to Corsica, and accompanied him on his expedition to the coast of Calabria, where Murat lost his life.
Guillemard's work, which purports to be a narrative of the Adventures of a French Sergeant, during his campaigns in Italy, Spain, Germany and Russia, from 1805 to 1823, written by himself, was first published by Delaforest, at Paris, in 1825. An English edition issued by Henry Colburn, London, followed in 1826, and a year later a German translation appeared at Leipzic, bearing a discriminating but commendatory preface from the pen of Goethe. A reprint of the English edition was issued by Hutchinson and Co. in 1898.
Robert Guillemard — born at Sixfour, near Toulon — was drawn as a conscript in 1805, and soon after sent on board Admiral Villenueve's fleet. He was present at the battle of Trafalgar, and there can be little or any doubt that he was the man who shot Lord Nelson. According to his own narrative : — " On the poop of the English vessel was an officer covered with orders, and with only one arm. From what I had heard of Nelson, I had no doubt that it was he. As I had received no orders to go down, and saw myself forgotten in the tops, I thought it my duty to fire on the poop of the English vessel, which I saw quite exposed and close to me. All at once I saw great confusion on board the Victory, the men crowded round the officer whom I had taken for Nelson. He had just fallen, and was taken below, covered with a cloak. The agitation shewn at this moment left me no doubt that I had judged rightly, and that it really was the English Admiral .... At any rate, from the moment in which he received his wound, and from the position of the wound itself, I could not doubt for "a moment that I was the author ; and I have ever since been fully convinced of it."
After the action, Guillemard became secretary to Villeneuve, accompanied him on his return to France, and saw him assassinated at Rennes. He then joined the Army in Germany, and was present with his regiment at the siege of Stralsund, in
Initiation of Guillemard. 43
1807, under the command of Marshal Brune (who was himself a member and Grand Officer of our Fraternity), and received his promotion to the rank of Corporal for conspicuous gallantry in the field, on the 6th of August in that year.
Shortly afterwards, and during the continuance of the siege, Robert Guillemard was made a Freemason, and the story of his initiation he thus relates : —
" Amidst all the confusion and noise, there still were moments occupied in pleasure and in sport, which Frenchmen seek and find in every situation. The fete of St. Napoleon was celebrated by races, games, dances, and extraordinary distributions. The same day I was the object of a ceremony tbat I cannot pass over without notice. In recompense of my conduct in the action of the 6th of August, I had been proposed to the Masonic Lodge of the regiment, and my reception was fixed for the day of St. Napoleon. It took place accordingly, with all the splendour circumstances admitted, in a hut about fifteen feet in length and six in breadth, where there was no room to stand up, but which served as the temple notwithstanding. After having made my journeys, which were not very long ones, undergone the trials by fire and water, and the usual tricks, received the signs, words, touches, and other forms, the adjutant, who was our orator, addressed me a very fine speech, in which he explained to me the sub- limity of the character I had just obtained, by creating me a child of the true light, and all the happiness I should thereby derive. I was afterwards present at the dinner, and it may easily be imagined how delighted I was on hearing myself called brother by our Colonel and the rest of the officers. I retired, quite enchanted with Masonry, became a zealous partisan of the institution, and long believed that it had some meaning."
Two years later the young corporal, meeting with Sergeant Savournin, a former comrade, was induced by him to leave his old corps and join, with the rank of Quarter- master (Fourrier) , a supplementary regiment called the new ninth of the line, under the command of the famous Colonel Oudet, whose private secretary he became.
A long and interesting account of Jacques Joseph Oudet will be found in the Histoire des Societes Secretes de I'Armee, published at Pai'is, in 1815. An English translation appeared in the same year, and has been relied upon by Mr. C. W. Hecke- thorn, for his account of the " Philadelphians," in the new edition of his Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries (1897).
The Histoire des Societes Secretes de I'Armee is an anonymous work, but the name of the writer, Jean Emmanuel Charles Nodier is given by Michaud in his edition of the Biographie Universelle, and also by Pierre Larousse, in the Grand Bictionnaire Universe!-. Many of the same details, moreover, relating to Colonel Oudet and the Philadelphians which appear in " Secret Societies of the Army," were printed by Nodier in the Memoires d' Un Gontemporaire, and the Revue de Paris, where, to quote from Michaud, he was in the habit of printing his " fantastic lucubrations."
According, indeed, to Michaud, Oudet was a " French Colonel, of whom Nodier has made a veritable hero of romance;" and a similar incredulity with respect to the Colonel and his alleged connection with any Secret Societies of the Army, is expressed by Larousse.
The story, however, as related by Nodier, is confirmed in some of its main features by Robert Guillemard ; and the Comte le Couteulx le Canteleu in Les Sectes et Societes Secretes Politiques et Religieuses (1863), alludes to " Secret Societies which had been extinguished by the skilful manner in which Napoleon had treated Freemasonry, having awoke for an instant under Oudet."
44 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
Nodier himself was born at Besangon, the "Philadelphia" of the Society, of which he afterwards became the historian, about the year 1780, and a similar date has been assigned as that of the origin of the Philadelphians, whose birth place was also at Besancjon.
In the opinion of Nodier, all secret societies had their origin in a sort of Compagnonnage, and that of the Philadelphians he pronounces to have been the crowning superstructure of Ancient Masonry. We learn from him, however, that Oudet, who had been initiated into the mysteries of almost all the Secret Societies of Europe, " was astonished at the poverty of the Masonic Sciences."
Colonel Oudet is stated to have been the first Censor, or absolute chief of the Philadelphians, a position which he afterwards resigned in favour of General Moreau. But Oudet seems to have always remained the real head of the Society, until his death in 1809, when the office of Censor passed to General Mallet, whose two plots, together with the conspiracy of General Pichegru, and most of the efforts that finally led to the Restoration of the Bourbons, are ascribed by Nodier to the far-reaching plans of the first Censor of the Philadelphians.
On the same authority we learn that Colonel Oudet was recalled from exile in 1809, and appointed General of Brigade, but ordered as a temporary measure to organise and command the new ninth regiment of the line, which he did, and with great success, his corps being particularly distinguished by its gallantry at the battle of Wagram in the same year. In the selection of his officers Oudet had been given a free hand, and it is suggested that the appointment was merely a crafty move on the part of the Emperor, in order to mark out those officers on whom his favour might fall, for the future vengeance of the Government.
On July 6th, 1809, the battle of Wagram was fought and won, and on the after- noon of that day Oudet (who had received three severe wounds) was ordered to leave his regiment under the command of a Major, and to repair with the rest of the officers to head-quarters. On the way thither he fell into an ambuscade, and though his brother officers made a rampart of their bodies to save him, all was in vain. At sunrise twenty- two bodies were heaped round the body of Oudet, which was the only one that gave signs of life.
In the official bulletin he was stated to have died on the field of battle, which was false, for though he was severely wounded in the battle, it was not there that he received his mortal hurt. Moreover, he survived for three days after the meeting with his final injuries.
" Oudet and the band of heroes who fell by his side (continues Nodier), were deeply and bitterly regretted by the whole army. Some wounded officers who had been sent to the same hospital, tore off the bandages from their wounds when his body was removed to be buried. A young sergeant-major of his regiment rushed upon the point of his sword a few steps from the grave, while a lieutenant who had served with Oudet in the 68th demi-brigade, blew out his brains." (chap, x.)
The story is told in a slightly different manner by Robert Guillemard, but he informs us that Oudet was asked (in his hearing) by a deputation from the " Areopagus " of the Philadelphians, to resume the censor-ship of that Society. This, however, the Colonel refused to do. " Duties," he said, " change with times and circumstances, and resolutions with the progress of years, while an association of students does not bind a man for the whole of his life."
Guillemard, who was also cut down in the ambuscade, afterwards found himself in the same camp hospital with his chief, and when the Colonel's body was removed for
Col. Oudet's Burial. 45
interment, he crawled to the window to see it carried by. " Whilst they were lowering him into the grave," he tells us, " the company crowded round ; my eyes were fixed on the motionless group, when all at once some unforeseen event seemed to throw it into confusion. They rushed towards one spot, and I saw someone carried away." A few minutes afterwards he was informed that his old comrade, Sergeant-Major Savournin, rendered desperate by his sorrow at the Colonel's loss, and perhaps disgusted with a life in which all his best founded hopes vanished one after another, had thrown himself upon the point of his sword beside the grave of Oudet.
Nodier tells us that if Colonel Oudet had survived the battle of Wagram one year, the face of the world would have been changed, a statement with regard to which it would be difficult to offer any remark. But before passing from the subject I may observe, that the existence of what is sometimes described as the " Primitive Rite of Narbonne," and at others as the "Rite of the Philadelphians," was apparently unknown to the author of " Secret Societies of the Army." This Rite was formed at Narboune, in Prance, in 1780, by pretended " Superiors of the Order of Pree and Accepted Masons." The Narbonne Philadelphians survived the Revolution, and in 1806, affiliated with the Grand Orient of France.
A still earlier Society of Philadelphians was formed in London, about the year 1680, but though the members of the Narbonne Rite professed to derive their tenets from England, it will be impossible to suppose, unless by the exercise of a very lively imagination, that there was any connection between the two associations.
It appears to me, on the whole, highly probable that the Philadelphians of the French Army, were in some shape or form an offshoot of the Narbonne Rite. Oudet himself had been initiated into nearly every Secret Society in Europe.
From the customs of these associations he borrowed very freely, and notably from the " Illuminati," all of whose leading members adopted pseudonyms. The same practice was observed by the Philadelphians, who went so far as to use several of the same names (including those of Spartacus, Cato and Marius), which had previously been assumed by the " Illuminati."
If we may may believe Nodier, Lodges (or associations) of the Philadelphians were introduced by Oudet, almost simultaneously, into the 9th, 68th and 69th regiments of the line, the 15th Light Infantry, and the 20th Dragoons, and from thence they spread throughout the entire French Army.
After the battle of Wagram, Gruillemard served in Spain, was taken prisoner and